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Definition 
Pronunciation 
Special thanks to the National Cancer Institute (NCI). Many of the definitions in this glossary were adapted or taken directly from the NCI's Dictionary of Cancer Terms.
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The area of the body that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs.
abdominal
Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs.
abdominal x-ray
An x-ray of the organs inside the abdomen. An x-ray is a type of radiation that can pass through the body and onto film, making pictures of areas inside the body. X-rays may be used to help diagnose disease.
ablation
In medicine, the removal or destruction of a body part or tissue or its function. Ablation may be performed by surgery, hormones, drugs, radiofrequency, heat, or other methods.
abnormal
Not normal. An abnormal lesion or growth may be cancerous, premalignant (likely to become cancer), or benign.
abscess
An enclosed collection of pus in tissues, organs, or confined spaces in the body. An abscess is a sign of infection and is usually swollen and inflamed.
absorption (ub-SORP-shun)
The process of taking nutrients from the digestive system into the blood so they can be used in the body.
acetaminophen
A drug that reduces pain and fever (but not inflammation). It belongs to the family of drugs called analgesics.
acne
A disorder of the skin in which oil glands and hair glands become inflamed.
action study
In cancer prevention clinical trials, a study that focuses on finding out whether actions people take can prevent cancer.
activities of daily living
ADL. The tasks of everyday life. Basic ADLs include eating, dressing, getting into or out of a bed or chair, taking a bath or shower, and using the toilet. Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) are activities related to independent living and include preparing meals, managing money, shopping, doing housework, and using a telephone.
Actos
A drug that is used to treat type 2 diabetes and is being studied in the prevention of head and neck cancer. It may be able to stop leukoplakia (a precancerous condition affecting the mouth) from developing into cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called thiazolidinediones. Also called pioglitazone.
acupoint (AK-yoo-poynt)
A specific spot on the body where an acupuncture needle may be inserted to control pain and other symptoms. Also called an acupuncture point.
acupressure (AK-yoo-PRESH-er)
The application of pressure or localized massage to specific sites on the body to control symptoms such as pain or nausea. It is a type of complementary and alternative medicine.
acupuncture (AK-yoo-PUNK-chur)
The technique of inserting thin needles through the skin at specific points on the body to control pain and other symptoms. It is a type of complementary and alternative medicine.
acupuncture needle (AK-yoo-PUNK-chur NEE-dul)
A stainless steel needle that is slightly thicker than a human hair. Acupuncture needles are inserted through the skin at specific points on the body to control pain and other symptoms.
acupuncture point (AK-yoo-PUNK-chur poynt)
A specific spot on the body where an acupuncture needle may be inserted to control pain and other symptoms. Also called an acupoint.
acupuncture point injection
(AK-yoo-PUNK-cher poynt in-JEK-shun)
A procedure in which drugs, vitamins, herbal extracts, or other fluids are injected into the body at an acupuncture point using a syringe and needle.
acustimulation
Mild electrical stimulation of acupuncture points to control symptoms such as nausea and vomiting.
acute
Symptoms or signs that begin and worsen quickly; not chronic.
acute pain
Pain that comes on quickly, can be severe, but lasts a relatively short time.
addiction
Uncontrollable craving, seeking, and use of a substance such as a drug or alcohol.
adenocarcinoma (AD-in-o-KAR-sih-NOH-muh)
Cancer that begins in cells that line certain internal organs and that have glandular (secretory) properties.
adenoma (ad-in-O-ma)
A noncancerous tumor.
adenopathy (ad-en-OP-a-thee)
Large or swollen lymph glands.
adenovirus
A group of viruses that cause respiratory tract and eye infections. Adenoviruses used in gene therapy are altered to carry a specific tumor-fighting gene.
adjunct agent
In cancer therapy, a drug or substance used in addition to the primary therapy.
adjunct therapy (A-junkt THAYR-uh-pee)
Another treatment used together with the primary treatment. Its purpose is to assist the primary treatment. Also called adjunctive therapy.
adjunctive therapy
Another treatment used together with the primary treatment. Its purpose is to assist the primary treatment. Also called adjunct therapy.
adjuvant therapy (AD-joo-vant)
Treatment given after the primary treatment to increase the chances of a cure. Adjuvant therapy may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, or biological therapy.
ADL
Activities of daily living. The tasks of everyday life. Basic ADLs include eating, dressing, getting into or out of a bed or chair, taking a bath or shower, and using the toilet. Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) are activities related to independent living and include preparing meals, managing money, shopping, doing housework, and using a telephone.
advance directive
A legal document that states the treatment or care a person wishes to receive or not receive if he or she becomes unable to make medical decisions (for example, due to being unconscious or in a coma). Some types of advance directives are living wills and do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders.
adverse effect
An unwanted side effect of treatment.
adverse event (AD-vers eh-VENT)
An unexpected medical problem that happens during treatment with a drug or other therapy. Adverse events do not have to be caused by the drug or therapy, and they may be mild, moderate, or severe.
agent study
In cancer prevention clinical trials, a study that tests whether taking certain medicines, vitamins, minerals, or food supplements can prevent cancer. Also a called chemoprevention study.
aggressive
A quickly growing cancer.
Aggressive communication
Includes attacking, blaming, or attempting to manipulate the listener into feeling responsible or guilty.
agonist
A drug that triggers an action from a cell or another drug.
AJCC staging system
A system developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer for describing the extent of cancer in a patient’s body. The descriptions include TNM: T describes the size of the tumor and if it has invaded nearby tissue, N describes any lymph nodes that are involved, and M describes metastasis (spread of cancer from one body part to another).
alcoholism (AL-kuh-HAW-LIH-zum)
A disease in which a person craves alcohol, is unable to limit his or her drinking, needs to drink greater amounts to get the same effect, and has withdrawal symptoms after stopping alcohol use. Alcoholism affects physical and mental health, and causes problems with family, friends, and work. Also called alcohol dependence.
allergen (AL-er-jen)
A substance that causes an allergic response. Examples include pollen, molds, and certain foods.
allergic response (uh-LER-jik...)
A hypersensitive immune reaction to a substance that normally is harmless or would not cause an immune response in everyone. An allergic response may cause harmful symptoms such as itching or inflammation or tissue injury.
allogeneic (Al-o-jen-AY-ik)
Taken from different individuals of the same species. Also called allogenic.
allogenic
Taken from different individuals of the same species. Also called allogeneic.
allopathic medicine
A system in which medical doctors and other healthcare professionals (such as nurses, pharmacists, and therapists) treat symptoms and diseases using drugs, radiation, or surgery. Also called conventional medicine, Western medicine, mainstream medicine, orthodox medicine, and biomedicine.
alopecia (al-oh-PEE-shuh)
The lack or loss of hair from areas of the body where hair is usually found. Alopecia can be a side effect of some cancer treatments.
alternative medicine
Practices used instead of standard treatments. They generally are not recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches. Alternative medicine includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, acupuncture, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation.
analgesia (AN-ul-JEE-zee-uh)
Pain relief.
analgesic
A drug that reduces pain. Analgesics include aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen.
analog
In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another.
analysis
A process in which anything complex is separated into simple or less complex parts.
anaphylactic shock
A severe and sometimes life-threatening immune system reaction to an antigen that a person has been previously exposed to. The reaction may include itchy skin, edema, collapsed blood vessels, fainting, and difficulty in breathing.
anaplastic (an-ah-PLAS-tik)
A term used to describe cancer cells that divide rapidly and have little or no resemblance to normal cells.
anatomy (uh-NA-tuh-mee)
The study of the structure of a plant or animal.
anemia (a-NEE-mee-a)
A condition in which the number of red blood cells is below normal.
anesthesia (an-es-THEE-zha)
Drugs or substances that cause loss of feeling or awareness. Local anesthetics cause loss of feeling in a part of the body. General anesthetics put the person to sleep.
anesthesiologist
A doctor who specializes in giving drugs or other agents to prevent or relieve pain during surgery or other procedures being done in the hospital.
anesthetic (an-es-THET-ik)
A substance that causes loss of feeling or awareness. Local anesthetics cause loss of feeling in a part of the body. General anesthetics put the person to sleep.
angelica root (an-JEH-lih-kuh root)
The root of any of a group of herbs called Angelica. It has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems, including gastrointestinal problems such as loss of appetite, feelings of fullness, and gas.
angiogenesis (AN-jee-oh-JEN-eh-sis)
Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor.
angiogenesis inhibitor
A substance that may prevent the formation of blood vessels. In anticancer therapy, an angiogenesis inhibitor prevents the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor.
animal model
An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models.
animal study (AN-ih-mul STUH-dee)
A laboratory experiment using animals to study the development and progression of diseases. Animal studies also test how safe and effective new treatments are before they are tested in people.
anorexia
An abnormal loss of the appetite for food. Anorexia can be caused by cancer, AIDS, a mental disorder (i.e., anorexia nervosa), or other diseases.
anorexia nervosa
An eating disorder marked by an intense fear of gaining weight, a refusal to maintain a healthy weight, and a distorted body image. People with anorexia nervosa have an abnormal loss of appetite for food, try to avoid eating, and eat as little as possible.
antagonist
In medicine, a substance that stops the action or effect of another substance. For example, a drug that blocks the stimulating effect of estrogen on a tumor cell is called an estrogen receptor antagonist.
anterior (an-TEER-ee-er)
In human anatomy, has to do with the front of a structure, or a structure found toward the front of the body.
antibiotic (an-tih-by-AH-tik)
A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms.
antibody (AN-tih-BAH-dee)
A type of protein made by plasma cells (a type of white blood cell) in response to an antigen (foreign substance). Each antibody can bind to only one specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen.
antibody therapy
Treatment with an antibody, a substance that can directly kill specific tumor cells or stimulate the immune system to kill tumor cells.
anticachexia (AN-tee-ka-KEK-see-a)
Describes a drug or effect that works against cachexia (loss of body weight and muscle mass).
anticancer antibiotic
A type of anticancer drug that blocks cell growth by interfering with DNA, the genetic material in cells. Also called an antitumor antibiotic or antineoplastic antibiotic.
anticarcinogenic (AN-tee-KAR-sin-o-JEN-ik)
Having to do with preventing or delaying the development of cancer.
anticoagulant
A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner.
anticonvulsant (AN-tee-kon-VUL-sant)
A drug or other substance used to prevent or stop seizures or convulsions. Also called an antiepileptic.
antidepressant
A drug used to treat depression.
antiemetic (AN-tee-eh-MEH-tik)
A drug that prevents or reduces nausea and vomiting.
antiepileptic (AN-tee-EH-pih-LEP-tik)
A drug or other substance used to prevent or stop seizures or convulsions. Also called an anticonvulsant.
antiestrogen
A substance that blocks the activity of estrogens, the family of hormones that promote the development and maintenance of female sex characteristics.
antimitotic agent
A drug that inhibits cell growth by stopping cell division. Antimitotic agents are used as treatments for cancer. Also called antimicrotubule agents, mitotic inhibitors, and taxanes. Docetaxel and paclitaxel are antimitotic agents.
antineoplastic
A substance that blocks the formation of neoplasms (growths that may become cancerous).
antineoplastic antibiotic
A type of anticancer drug that blocks cell growth by interfering with DNA, the genetic material in cells. Also called an anticancer antibiotic or antitumor antibiotic.
antioxidant (an-tee-OKS-i-dent)
A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation.
anxiety (ang-ZY-uh-tee)
Feelings of fear, dread, and uneasiness that may occur as a reaction to stress. A person with anxiety may sweat, feel restless and tense, and have a rapid heart beat. Extreme anxiety that happens often over time may be a sign of an anxiety disorder.
apheresis
A procedure in which blood is collected, part of the blood such as platelets or white blood cells is taken out, and the rest of the blood is returned to the donor. Also called pheresis.
apoptosis (AY-pup-TOE-siss)
A type of cell death in which a series of molecular steps in a cell leads to its death. This is the body’s normal way of getting rid of unneeded or abnormal cells. The process of apoptosis may be blocked in cancer cells. Also called programmed cell death.
areola (a-REE-o-la)
The area of dark-colored skin on the breast that surrounds the nipple.
artery (AR-tuh-ree)
A blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to tissues and organs in the body.
arthritis
A disease that causes inflammation and pain in the joints.
ascorbic acid (a-SKOR-bik ASS-id)
A key nutrient that the body needs to fight infection, heal wounds, and keep tissues healthy, including the blood vessels, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, bones, muscle, skin, teeth, and gums. It is an antioxidant that helps prevent tissue damage caused by free radicals. The body does not make or store ascorbic acid, so it must be taken in every day. It is found in many fruits and vegetables, especially green peppers, citrus, strawberries, tomatoes, broccoli, leafy greens, potatoes, and cantaloupe. Also called vitamin C.
aspirin
A drug that reduces pain, fever, inflammation, and blood clotting. Aspirin belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is also being studied in cancer prevention.
assay (AS-say)
A laboratory test to find and measure the amount of a specific substance.
Assertive communication
A clear and firm, but not aggressive way to explain your problem.
assessment (uh-SESS-ment)
In healthcare, a process used to learn about a patient’s condition. This may include a complete medical history, medical tests, a physical exam, a test of learning skills, tests to find out if the patient is able to carry out the tasks of daily living, a mental health evaluation, and a review of social support and community resources available to the patient.
asthenia
Weakness; lack of energy and strength.
asthma (AZ-muh)
A chronic disease in which the bronchial airways in the lungs become narrowed and swollen, making it difficult to breathe. Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, tightness in the chest, shortness of breath, and rapid breathing. An attack may be brought on by pet hair, dust, smoke, pollen, mold, exercise, cold air, or stress.
asymmetry
Lack or absence of balanced proportions between parts of a thing.
asymptomatic
Having no signs or symptoms of disease.
axilla (ak-SIL-a)
The underarm or armpit.
axillary (AK-sil-air-ee)
Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there.
axillary dissection (AK-suh-LAIR-ee dis-EK-shun)
Surgery to remove lymph nodes found in the armpit region. Also called axillary lymph node dissection.
axillary lymph node (AK-suh-LAIR-ee)
A lymph node in the armpit region that drains lymph channels from the breast.
axillary lymph node dissection (AK-suh-LAIR-ee…dis-EK-shun)
Surgery to remove lymph nodes found in the armpit region. Also called axillary dissection.
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An initial measurement that is taken at an early time point to represent a beginning condition, and is used for comparison over time to look for changes. For example, the size of a tumor will be measured before treatment (baseline) and then afterwards to see if the treatment had an effect.
basophil
A type of white blood cell. Basophils are granulocytes.
batimastat
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. Batimastat is a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor.
BAY 12-9566
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors.
BAY 43-9006
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called raf kinase inhibitors. Also called sorafenib and Nexavar.
BAY 56-3722
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called camptothecins.
BAY 59-8862
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called taxanes.
BB-10901
A substance that combines a monoclonal antibody (huN901) with an anticancer drug (DM1), and is being studied in the treatment of certain cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells.
BBBD
Blood-brain barrier disruption. The use of drugs to create openings between cells in the blood-brain barrier. The blood-brain barrier is a protective network of blood vessels and tissue that protects the brain from harmful substances, but can also prevent anticancer drugs from reaching the brain. Once the barrier is opened, anticancer drugs may be infused into an artery that goes to the brain, in order to treat brain tumors.
BBR 2778
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics. Also called pixantrone.
BBR 3464
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of platinum-based drugs.
BCG
Bacillus Calmette Guérin. A type of bacteria used in cancer treatment to stimulate the immune system. It is also used to vaccinate against tuberculosis.
BCG solution
A form of biological therapy for superficial bladder cancer. A catheter is used to place the BCG solution into the bladder. The solution contains live, weakened bacteria (bacillus Calmette-Guérin) that activate the immune system. The BCG solution used for bladder cancer is not the same thing as BCG vaccine, a vaccine for tuberculosis.
bcl-2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide G3139
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It may kill cancer cells by blocking the production of a protein that makes cancer cells live longer and by making them more sensitive to anticancer drugs. It belongs to the family of drugs called antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides. Also called oblimersen, augmerosen, and Genasense.
BCX-1777
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of some types of leukemia and lymphoma. It belongs to the family of drugs called purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) enzyme inhibitors. Also called forodesine.
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
A rare, overgrowth disorder in which babies are large at birth and may develop low blood sugar. Other common symptoms are a large tongue, large internal organs, and defects of the abdominal wall near the navel. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome increases the risk of developing certain cancers, especially Wilms’ tumor.
beclomethasone
A drug being studied in the treatment of graft-versus-host disease. It belongs to a family of drugs called corticosteroids.
Bellini duct carcinoma
BDC. A rare type of kidney cancer that grows and spreads quickly. It begins in the duct of Bellini in the kidney.
Bence Jones protein
A small protein made by plasma cells (white blood cells that produce antibodies). It is found in the urine of most people with multiple myeloma (cancer that begins in plasma cells).
bendamustine
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. Also called SDX-105.
benign (beh-NINE)
Not cancerous. Benign tumors may grow larger but do not spread to other parts of the body.
benign breast disease (bih-NYN brest dih-ZEEZ)
A common condition marked by benign (noncancerous) changes in breast tissue. These changes may include irregular lumps or cysts, breast discomfort, sensitive nipples, and itching. These symptoms may change throughout the menstrual cycle and usually stop after menopause. Also called fibrocystic breast disease, fibrocystic breast changes, and mammary dysplasia.
benign proliferative breast disease
A group of noncancerous conditions that may increase the risk of developing breast cancer. Examples include ductal hyperplasia, lobular hyperplasia, and papillomas.
benign prostatic hyperplasia (beh-NINE prah-STA-tik hy-per-PLAY-zhuh)
BPH. A benign (noncancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy.
benign prostatic hypertrophy (beh-NINE prah-STA-tik HY-per-troh-fee)
BPH. A benign (noncancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hyperplasia.
benign tumor (beh-NINE)
A noncancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body.
benzaldehyde
A colorless oily liquid used as a flavoring agent and to make dyes, perfumes, and pharmaceuticals. Benzaldehyde is chemically related to benzene.
benzene
A chemical that is used widely by the chemical industry, and is also found in tobacco smoke, vehicle emissions, and gasoline fumes. Exposure to benzene may increase the risk of developing leukemia.
benzoylphenylurea
BPU. A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called antitubulin agents.
benzydamine
A substance that is being studied as a mouth rinse treatment for oral mucositis (painful mouth sores) caused by cancer therapy. It belongs to the family of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).
bereavement (beh-REEV-ment)
A state of sadness, grief, and mourning after the loss of a loved one.
Beriplast P
A substance used in surgical wound healing to cause a blood clot to form. It consists of blood-clotting factors found naturally in human blood.
best practice
In medicine, treatment that experts agree is appropriate, accepted, and widely used. Health care providers are obligated to provide patients with the best practice. Also called standard therapy or standard of care.
beta alethine
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to a family of chemicals called disulfides.
beta carotene
A vitamin A precursor. Beta carotene belongs to the family of fat-soluble vitamins called carotenoids.
beta hemolytic streptococcus group B
A type of bacteria often found in the vagina. It can cause systemic infections in people with suppressed immune systems.
beta-2-microglobulin (MY-kroh-GLOB-yoo-lin)
A small protein normally found on the surface of many cells, including lymphocytes, and in small amounts in the blood and urine. An increased amount in the blood or urine may be a sign of certain diseases, including some types of cancer, such as multiple myeloma or lymphoma.
beta-endorphin
A substance produced in the brain, especially in the pituitary gland, that blocks the sensation of pain. It is produced in response to pain, exercise, and other forms of stress. It belongs to a group of chemicals called polypeptide hormones.
beta-glucan
A type of polysaccharide (string of sugar molecules) obtained from several types of mushrooms. It is being studied as a treatment for cancer and as an immune system stimulant.
beta-human chorionic gonadotropin
ß-hCG. A hormone normally found in the blood and urine during pregnancy. It may also be produced by some tumor cells. An increased level of ß-hCG may be a sign of cancer of the testis, uterus, ovary, liver, stomach, pancreas, or lung. ß-hCG may also be produced in response to certain conditions that are not cancer. ß-hCG is being studied in the treatment of Kaposi’s sarcoma.
bevacizumab (be-vuh-SIZ-uh-mab)
A monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of colorectal cancer that has spread. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. It may prevent the growth of new blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. Also called Avastin.
bexarotene
An anticancer drug used to decrease the growth of some types of cancer cells. It belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. Also called LGD1069.
Bexxar regimen (BEX-ar REH-jih-men)
A combination of monoclonal antibodies used to treat certain types of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The monoclonal antibody tositumomab is given with iodine I 131 tositumomab (a form of tositumomab that has been chemically changed by adding radioactive iodine). Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells.
BG00001
A gene therapy agent that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called biological response modifiers.
BI-RADS
Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System. A method used by radiologists to interpret and report in a standardized manner the results of mammography, ultrasound, and MRI used in breast cancer screening and diagnosis.
Biafine cream
A topical preparation to reduce the risk of, and treat skin reactions to, radiation therapy.
bias
In a clinical trial, a flaw in the study design or method of collecting or interpreting information. Biases can lead to incorrect conclusions about what the study or trial showed.
BIBX 1382
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors.
bicalutamide (bye-ka-LOO-ta-mide)
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antiandrogens.
bidi
A cigarette made by rolling tobacco by hand in a dried leaf from the tendu tree (a member of the ebony family). Most bidis are made in India and they come in different flavors.
bilateral
Affecting both the right and left sides of the body.
bilateral cancer
Cancer that occurs in both paired organs, such as both breasts or both ovaries.
bilateral nephrectomy (by-LAT-uh-ral neh-FREK-tuh-mee)
Surgery to remove both kidneys.
bilateral prophylactic mastectomy (by-LAT-uh-ral pro-fi-LAK-tik mas-TEK-tuh-mee)
Surgery to remove both breasts in order to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer. Also called preventive mastectomy.
bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
Surgery to remove both ovaries and both fallopian tubes.
bile
A fluid made by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Bile is excreted into the small intestine, where it helps digest fat.
bile duct
A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver.
biliary
Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder.
bilirubin (bil-ih-ROO-bun)
Substance formed when red blood cells are broken down. Bilirubin is part of the bile, which is made in the liver and is stored in the gallbladder. The abnormal buildup of bilirubin causes jaundice.
binding agent
A substance that makes a loose mixture stick together. For example, binding agents can be used to make solid pills from loose powders.
bioavailable
The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body. Orally bioavailable means that a drug or other substance that is taken by mouth can be absorbed and used by the body.
biochanin A
An isoflavone found in soy products. Soy isoflavones are being studied to see if they help prevent cancer.
biochemical reactions
In living cells, chemical reactions that help sustain life and allow cells to grow.
biofeedback
A method of learning to voluntarily control certain body functions such as heartbeat, blood pressure, and muscle tension with the help of a special machine. This method can help control pain.
biologic agent
A substance that is made from a living organism or its products and is used in the prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of cancer and other diseases. Biologic agents include antibodies, interleukins, and vaccines. Also called biological agent or biological drug.
biological (by-o-LAHJ-i-kul)
Pertaining to biology or to life and living things. In medicine, refers to a substance made from a living organism or its products. Biologicals may be used to prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve of symptoms of a disease. For example, antibodies, interleukins, and vaccines are biologicals. Biological also refers to parents and children who are related by blood.
biological agent
A substance that is made from a living organism or its products and is used in the prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of cancer and other diseases. Biological agents include antibodies, interleukins, and vaccines. Also called biologic agent or biological drug.
biological drug
A substance that is made from a living organism or its products and is used in the prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of cancer and other diseases. Biological drugs include antibodies, interleukins, and vaccines. Also called biologic agent or biological agent.
biological response modifier therapy (by-oh-LAH-jih-kul...)
BRM therapy. Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight cancer, infections, and other diseases. Also used to lessen certain side effects that may be caused by cancer treatment. Also called immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological therapy.
biological therapy (by-oh-LAH-jih-kul THAYR-uh-pee)
Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight cancer, infections, and other diseases. Also used to lessen certain side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also called immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy.
biomarker
A substance sometimes found in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues. A high level of biomarker may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor marker.
Biomed 101
A substance that is being studied for its ability to decrease the side effects of interleukin-2 (IL-2).
biomedicine
A system in which medical doctors and other healthcare professionals (such as nurses, pharmacists, and therapists) treat symptoms and diseases using drugs, radiation, or surgery. Also called conventional medicine, Western medicine, mainstream medicine, orthodox medicine, and allopathic medicine.
biopsy (BY-op-see)
The removal of cells or tissues for examination by a pathologist. The pathologist may study the tissue under a microscope or perform other tests on the cells or tissue. When only a sample of tissue is removed, the procedure is called an incisional biopsy. When an entire lump or suspicious area is removed, the procedure is called an excisional biopsy. When a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle, the procedure is called a needle biopsy, core biopsy, or fine-needle aspiration.
biopsy specimen
Tissue removed from the body and examined under a microscope to determine whether disease is present.
biotherapy (by-oh-THAYR-uh-pee)
Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight cancer, infections, and other diseases. Also used to lessen certain side effects that may be caused by cancer treatment. Also called biological therapy, immunotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy.
Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome
An inherited condition in which benign tumors develop in hair follicles on the head, chest, back, and arms. People who have this disorder may be at increased risk of developing colon or kidney cancer.
birth control pill
A pill used to prevent pregnancy. It contains hormones that block the release of eggs from the ovaries. Most birth control pills include estrogen and progestin. Also called oral contraceptive pill.
bispecific antibody
An antibody developed in the laboratory to recognize more than one protein on the surface of different cells. Examples include bispecific antibodies 2B1, 520C9xH22, mDX-H210, and MDX447.
bispecific monoclonal antibody
A monoclonal antibody that binds two different types of antigen. Bispecific monoclonal antibodies do not occur naturally; they must be made in the laboratory.
bisphosphonate
A type of drug used to treat osteoporosis and the bone pain caused by some types of cancer. Also called diphosphonate.
bizelesin
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. It is also an antitumor antibiotic.
BL22 immunotoxin
A bacterial toxic substance linked to an antibody that attaches to cancer cells and kills them. It belongs to the family of drugs called bacterial immunotoxins.
black cohosh
Cimicifuga racemosa. An eastern North American perennial herb. A substance obtained from the root of the plant has been used in some cultures to treat a number of medical problems. It is being studied in the treatment of hot flashes and other symptoms of menopause. The plant is also called black snakeroot, rattlesnake root, bugwort, and bugbane.
black snakeroot
Cimicifuga racemosa. An eastern North American perennial herb. A substance obtained from the root of the plant has been used in some cultures to treat a number of medical problems. It is being studied in the treatment of hot flashes and other symptoms of menopause. The plant is also called black cohosh, rattlesnake root, bugwort, and bugbane.
bladder
The organ that stores urine.
bladder cancer (BLA-der KAN-ser)
Cancer that forms in tissues of the bladder (the organ that stores urine). Most bladder cancers are transitional cell carcinomas (cancer that forms in cells in the innermost tissue layer of the bladder). Other types include squamous cell carcinoma (cancer that begins in flat cells lining the inside of the bladder) and adenocarcinoma (cancer that begins in cells that make and release mucus and other fluids).
blast
An immature blood cell.
blast crisis
A phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia in which tiredness, fever, and an enlarged spleen occur during the blastic phase, when more than 30% of the cells in the blood or bone marrow are blast cells (immature blood cells).
blastic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia
A phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia in which more than 30% of the cells in the blood or bone marrow are blast cells (immature blood cells). When tiredness, fever, and an enlarged spleen occur during the blastic phase, it is called blast crisis.
bleomycin
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics.
blessed thistle
Cnicus benedictus. A plant whose leaves, stems, and flowers have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. Blessed thistle may have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Also called St. Benedict's thistle, cardin, holy thistle, and spotted thistle.
blinded study
A type of study in which the patients (single-blinded) or the patients and their doctors (double-blinded) do not know which drug or treatment is being given. The opposite of a blinded study is an open label study.
blood
A tissue with red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and other substances suspended in fluid called plasma. Blood takes oxygen and nutrients to the tissues, and carries away wastes.
blood cell count
A test to check the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in a sample of blood. Also called complete blood count (CBC).
blood chemistry study
A procedure in which a sample of blood is examined to measure the amounts of certain substances made in the body. An abnormal amount of a substance can be a sign of disease in the organ or tissue that produces it.
blood pressure (blud PREH-shur)
The force of circulating blood on the walls of the arteries. Blood pressure is taken using two measurements: systolic (measured when the heart beats, when blood pressure is at its highest) and diastolic (measured between heart beats, when blood pressure is at its lowest). Blood pressure is written with the systolic blood pressure first, followed by the diastolic blood pressure (for example 120/80).
blood stasis (blud STAY-sis)
In traditional Chinese medicine, a condition described as slowing or pooling of blood, which may cause pain or other symptoms.
blood thinner
A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called an anticoagulant.
blood transfusion
The administration of blood or blood products into a blood vessel.
blood vessel
A tube through which the blood circulates in the body. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
blood-brain barrier
A network of blood vessels with closely spaced cells that makes it difficult for potentially toxic substances (such as anticancer drugs) to penetrate the blood vessel walls and enter the brain.
blood-brain barrier disruption
BBBD. The use of drugs to create openings between cells in the blood-brain barrier. The blood-brain barrier is a protective network of blood vessels and tissue that protects the brain from harmful substances, but can also prevent anticancer drugs from reaching the brain. Once the barrier is opened, anticancer drugs may be infused into an artery that goes to the brain, in order to treat brain tumors.
BMD
Bone mineral density. A measure of the amount of calcium contained in a certain volume of bone. Calcium gives bones their strength and helps keep them from breaking. Bone density measurements may be used to diagnose osteoporosis, to see how well osteoporosis treatments are working, and to figure out how likely the bones are to break. Also called bone density and bone mass.
BMS-182751
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called platinum analogs. Also called JM 216 and satraplatin.
BMS-184476
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors.
BMS-188797
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called taxane analogs.
BMS-214662
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called farnesyltransferase inhibitors.
BMS-247550
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called epothilone analogs. Also called ixabepilone.
BMS-275291
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors (MMPIs).
BMS-354825
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
BMS-599626
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
body image (BAH-dee IH-mij)
The way a person thinks about his or her body and how it looks to others.
bolus
A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus infusion.
bolus infusion
A single dose of drug usually injected into a blood vessel over a short period of time. Also called bolus.
bone cancer
Primary bone cancer is cancer that forms in cells of the bone. Some types of primary bone cancer are osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, and chondrosarcoma. Secondary bone cancer is cancer that spreads to the bone from another part of the body (such as the prostate, breast, or lung).
bone density (DEN-sih-tee)
A measure of the amount of calcium contained in a certain volume of bone. Calcium gives bones their strength and helps keep them from breaking. Bone density measurements may be used to diagnose osteoporosis, to see how well osteoporosis treatments are working, and to figure out how likely the bones are to break. Also called bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mass.
bone marrow
The soft, sponge-like tissue in the center of most bones. It produces white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
bone marrow ablation
The destruction of bone marrow using radiation or drugs.
bone marrow aspiration (as-per-AY-shun)
The removal of a small sample of bone marrow (usually from the hip) through a needle for examination under a microscope.
bone marrow biopsy (BY-op-see)
The removal of a sample of tissue from the bone marrow with a needle for examination under a microscope.
bone marrow cancer
Cancer that forms in the blood-forming cells of the bone marrow (soft sponge-like tissue in the center of most bones). Bone marrow cancer includes leukemias, multiple myeloma, and others.
bone marrow metastases
Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the bone marrow.
bone marrow transplantation (trans-plan-TAY-shun)
A procedure to replace bone marrow that has been destroyed by treatment with high doses of anticancer drugs or radiation. Transplantation may be autologous (an individual's own marrow saved before treatment), allogeneic (marrow donated by someone else), or syngeneic (marrow donated by an identical twin).
bone mass
A measure of the amount of calcium contained in a certain volume of bone. Calcium gives bones their strength and helps keep them from breaking. Bone density measurements may be used to diagnose osteoporosis, to see how well osteoporosis treatments are working, and to figure out how likely the bones are to break. Also called bone density and bone mineral density (BMD).
bone metastases
Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the bone.
bone mineral density (DEN-sih-tee)
BMD. A measure of the amount of calcium contained in a certain volume of bone. Calcium gives bones their strength and helps keep them from breaking. Bone density measurements may be used to diagnose osteoporosis, to see how well osteoporosis treatments are working, and to figure out how likely the bones are to break. Also called bone density and bone mass.
bone scan
A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner.
bone-seeking radioisotope
A radioactive substance that is given through a vein, and collects in bone cells and in tumor cells that have spread to the bone. It kills cancer cells by giving off low-level radiation.
booster
In medicine, refers to a vaccination given after a previous vaccination. A booster helps maintain or increase a protective immune response.
borderline personality disorder (BOR-der-LINE PER-suh-NA-lih-tee dis-OR-der)
BPD. A serious mental illness marked by unstable moods, and impulsive behavior. People with BPD have problems with relationships, family and work life, long-term planning, and self-identity. Symptoms include intense bouts of anger, depression, and anxiety that may lead to self-injury or suicide, drug or alcohol abuse, excessive spending, binge eating, or risky sex. A person with BPD who is diagnosed with cancer may be at an increased risk of suicide.
boron neutron capture therapy
A type of radiation therapy. The person is given an intravenous infusion containing the element boron, which concentrates in the tumor cells. The person then receives radiation therapy with atomic particles called neutrons from a small research nuclear reactor. The radiation is absorbed by the boron, killing the tumor cells without harming normal cells.
boronophenylalanine-fructose complex
BPA-F. A substance used in a type of radiation therapy called boron neutron capture therapy. BPA-F is injected into a vein, and becomes concentrated in tumor cells. The patient then receives radiation treatment with atomic particles called neutrons. The neutrons react with the boron in BPA-F, producing radioactive particles that kill the tumor cells without harming normal cells.
bortezomib (bor-TEZ-oh-mib)
A drug that is used to treat multiple myeloma and is being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. It belongs to the families of drugs called proteosome inhibitors and dipeptidyl boronic acids. Also called Velcade and PS-341.
botanical
Having to do with, or derived from, plants.
bowel (BOW-ul)
The long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. The bowel has two parts, the small bowel and the large bowel. Also called the intestine.
bowel function (BOW-ul FUNK-shun)
The way the intestines work in terms of how often there are bowel movements, the ability to control when to have a bowel movement, and whether the stools are hard and dry as in constipation or watery as in diarrhea.
Bowen's disease (BOH-enz)
A skin disease marked by scaly or thickened patches on the skin and often caused by prolonged exposure to arsenic. The patches often occur on sun-exposed areas of the skin and in older, white men. These patches may become malignant (cancerous). Also called precancerous dermatosis or precancerous dermatitis.
BPD
Borderline personality disorder. A serious mental illness marked by unstable moods, and impulsive behavior. People with BPD have problems with relationships, family and work life, long-term planning, and self-identity. Symptoms include intense bouts of anger, depression, and anxiety that may lead to self-injury or suicide, drug or alcohol abuse, excessive spending, binge eating, or risky sex. A person with BPD who is diagnosed with cancer may be at an increased risk of suicide.
BPH
Benign prostatic hypertrophy. A benign (noncancerous) condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine. Also called benign prostatic hyperplasia.
BPU
Benzoylphenylurea. A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called antitubulin agents.
brachial plexopathy (BRAY-kee-ul pleks-AH-pah-thee)
A condition marked by numbness, tingling, pain, weakness, or limited movement in the arm or hand. It is caused by an impairment of the brachial plexus, a network of nerves that affect the arm and hand.
brachial plexus (BRAY-kee-ul PLEKS-us)
A network of nerves that sends signals from the spine to the arm and hand.
brachytherapy (BRA-kee-THAYR-uh-pee)
A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near a tumor. Also called internal radiation, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy.
brain metastasis
Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the brain.
brain stem
The part of the brain that is connected to the spinal cord.
brain stem glioma (glee-O-ma)
A tumor located in the part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord (the brain stem). It may grow rapidly or slowly, depending on the grade of the tumor.
brain stem tumor
A tumor in the part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord (the brain stem).
brain tumor
The growth of abnormal cells in the tissues of the brain. Brain tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
BRCA1
A gene on chromosome 17 that normally helps to suppress cell growth. A person who inherits an altered version of the BRCA1 gene has a higher risk of getting breast, ovarian, or prostate cancer.
BRCA2
A gene on chromosome 13 that normally helps to suppress cell growth. A person who inherits an altered version of the BRCA2 gene has a higher risk of getting breast, ovarian, or prostate cancer.
breakthrough pain
Intense increases in pain that occur with rapid onset even when pain-control medication is being used. Breakthrough pain can occur spontaneously or in relation to a specific activity.
breast
Glandular organ located on the chest. The breast is made up of connective tissue, fat, and breast tissue that contains the glands that can make milk. Also called mammary gland.
breast cancer (brest KAN-ser)
Cancer that forms in tissues of the breast, usually the ducts (tubes that carry milk to the nipple) and lobules (glands that make milk). It occurs in both men and women, although male breast cancer is rare.
breast cancer in situ
Abnormal cells that are confined to the ducts or lobules in the breast. There are two forms, called ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS).
Breast conserving surgery
"Breast conserving surgery" is sometimes called a "lumpectomy". It is the removal of the lump and a small amount of the tissue surrounding the lump, rather than removing the entire breast. Breast conserving surgery leaves most of the breast tissue as it was (conserving = preserving or protecting the undamaged or unaffected portions of the breast). This type of surgery almost always has to include follow-up treatments with radiation.
breast density
Describes the relative amount of different tissues present in the breast. A dense breast has less fat than glandular and connective tissue. Mammogram films of breasts with higher density are harder to read and interpret than those of less dense breasts.
breast duct endoscopy
A method used to examine the lining of the breast ducts to look for abnormal tissue. A very thin, flexible, lighted tube attached to a camera is inserted through the nipple, and threaded into the breast ducts deep in the breast. Tissue and fluid samples may be removed during the procedure.
Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System
BI-RADS. A method used by radiologists to interpret and report in a standardized manner the results of mammography, ultrasound, and MRI used in breast cancer screening and diagnosis.
breast implant
A silicone gel-filled or saline-filled sac placed under the chest muscle to restore breast shape.
breast reconstruction
Surgery to rebuild the shape of the breast after a mastectomy.
breast self-exam
An exam by a woman of her breasts to check for lumps or other changes.
breast-conserving surgery
An operation to remove the breast cancer but not the breast itself. Types of breast-conserving surgery include lumpectomy (removal of the lump), quadrantectomy (removal of one quarter, or quadrant, of the breast), and segmental mastectomy (removal of the cancer as well as some of the breast tissue around the tumor and the lining over the chest muscles below the tumor). Also called breast-sparing surgery.
breast-sparing surgery
An operation to remove the breast cancer but not the breast itself. Types of breast-sparing surgery include lumpectomy (removal of the lump), quadrantectomy (removal of one quarter, or quadrant, of the breast), and segmental mastectomy (removal of the cancer as well as some of the breast tissue around the tumor and the lining over the chest muscles below the tumor). Also called breast-conserving surgery.
Brief Pain Inventory
A questionnaire used to measure pain.
brivudine
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of infections caused by herpesvirus, including herpes-zoster (shingles). It belongs to the family of drugs called antivirals.
BRM therapy
Biological response modifier therapy. Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight cancer, infections, and other diseases. Also used to lessen certain side effects that may be caused by cancer treatment. Also called immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological therapy.
bromelain
An enzyme found in pineapples that breaks down other proteins, such as collagen and muscle fiber, and has anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a meat tenderizer in the food industry.
bronchi (BRONK-eye)
The large air passages that lead from the trachea (windpipe) to the lungs.
bronchial
Having to do with the bronchi, which are the larger air passages of the lungs, including those that lead from the trachea (windpipe) to the lungs and those within the lungs.
bronchial adenoma (BRON-kee-ul A-deh-NOH-muh)
Cancer that forms in tissues of the bronchi (large air passages in the lungs including those that lead to the lungs from the windpipe).
bronchiole (BRON-kee-ol)
A tiny branch of air tubes in the lungs.
bronchitis (bron-KYE-tis)
Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi.
bronchoscope (BRON-ko-skope)
A thin, lighted tube used to examine the inside of the trachea and bronchi, the air passages that lead to the lungs.
bronchoscopy (bron-KOS-ko-pee)
A procedure in which a thin, lighted tube is inserted through the nose or mouth. This allows examination of the inside of the trachea and bronchi (air passages that lead to the lung), as well as the lung. Bronchoscopy may be used to detect cancer or to perform some treatment procedures.
bronchus
A large air passage that leads from the trachea (windpipe) to the lung.
brostallicin
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called DNA intercalators.
broxuridine
A drug that makes cancer cells more sensitive to radiation and is also used as a diagnostic agent to determine how fast cancer cells grow.
bryostatin 1
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It is obtained from a marine organism.
BSH
Sodium borocaptate. A substance used in a type of radiation therapy called boron neutron capture therapy. BSH is injected into a vein and becomes concentrated in tumor cells. The patient then receives radiation treatment with atomic particles called neutrons. The neutrons react with the boron in BSH and make radioactive particles that kill the tumor cells without harming normal cells.
buccal mucosa (BUH-kul myoo-KOH-suh)
The inner lining of the cheeks.
budesonide
A drug used in the treatment of asthma and rhinitis. It is also being studied in the treatment of cancer. Budesonide belongs to the family of drugs called steroids.
bugbane
Cimicifuga racemosa. An eastern North American perennial herb. A substance obtained from the root of the plant has been used in some cultures to treat a number of medical problems. It is being studied in the treatment of hot flashes and other symptoms of menopause. The plant is also called black cohosh, black snakeroot, rattlesnake root, and bugwort.
bugwort
Cimicifuga racemosa. An eastern North American perennial herb. A substance obtained from the root of the plant has been used in some cultures to treat a number of medical problems. It is being studied in the treatment of hot flashes and other symptoms of menopause. The plant is also called black cohosh, black snakeroot, rattlesnake root, and bugbane.
bupropion byoo-PRO-pee-ON
A substance that is used to treat depression, and to help people quit smoking. It belongs to the family of drugs called antidepressants.
burdock
Arctium lappa. A plant whose seeds and root have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have antioxidant effects. Also called lappa and happy major.
Burkitt's leukemia
A rare, fast-growing cancer of the blood. Also called B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia or B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Burkitt's lymphoma
An aggressive (fast-growing) type of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that occurs most often in children and young adults. The disease may affect the jaw, central nervous system, bowel, kidneys, ovaries, or other organs. There are three main types of Burkitt’s lymphoma (sporadic, endemic, and immunodeficiency related). Sporadic Burkitt’s lymphoma occurs throughout the world, and endemic Burkitt’s lymphoma occurs in Africa. Immunodeficiency-related Burkitt’s lymphoma is most often seen in AIDS patients.
burr hole
A small opening in the skull made with a surgical drill.
bursitis (ber-SY-tis)
Inflammation (swelling, pain, and warmth) of a bursa. A bursa is a flat, fluid-filled sac found between a bone and a tendon or muscle. It forms a cushion to help the tendon or muscle slide smoothly over the bone. Bursitis may be caused by long-term overuse, trauma, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, or infection. It usually affects the shoulder, knee, elbow, hip, or foot.
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C cell
A type of cell in the thyroid. C cells make calcitonin, a hormone that helps control the calcium level in the blood.
c-erbB-2
The gene that controls cell growth by making the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Also called HER2/neu.
c-kit receptor
A protein on the surface of some cells that binds to stem cell factor (a substance that causes certain types of cells to grow). Altered forms of this receptor may be associated with some types of cancer.
CA 19-9 assay
A test that measures the level of CA 19-9 in the blood. CA 19-9 is a tumor marker released into the bloodstream from both cancer cells and normal cells. Higher than normal amounts of CA 19-9 in the blood can be a sign of gallbladder or pancreatic cancer or other conditions.
CA-125
A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer.
CA-125 test
A blood test that measures the level of CA-125, a substance found in blood, other body fluids and some tissues. Increased levels of CA-125 may be a sign of cancer.
cachexia (ka-KEK-see-a)
Loss of body weight and muscle mass, and weakness that may occur in patients with cancer, AIDS, or other chronic diseases.
CAD
Coronary artery disease. A disease in which there is a narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries (blood vessels that carry blood and oxygen to the heart). CAD is usually caused by atherosclerosis (a build up of fatty material and plaque inside the coronary arteries). The disease may cause chest pain, shortness of breath during exercise, and heart attacks. The risk of CAD is increased by having a family history of CAD before age 50, older age, smoking tobacco, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, lack of exercise, and obesity. Also called coronary heart disease.
cadmium (KAD-me-um)
A metallic element that occurs naturally in tiny amounts in air, water, soil, and food. It is a byproduct of zinc refining, and is used to make batteries, pigments, plastics, alloys, and electroplate. It is also found in cigarette smoke. Exposure to high levels of cadmium may cause certain cancers and other health problems.
calcification
Deposits of calcium in the tissues. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer.
calcitonin
A hormone formed by the C cells of the thyroid gland. It helps maintain a healthy level of calcium in the blood. When the calcium level is too high, calcitonin lowers it.
calcitriol (kal-sih-TREE-ol)
The active form of vitamin D. Calcitriol is formed in the kidneys or made in the laboratory. It is used as a drug to increase calcium levels in the body in order to treat skeletal and tissue-related calcium deficiencies caused by kidney or thyroid disorders.
calcium (KAL-see-um)
A mineral found in teeth, bones, and other body tissues.
calcium carbonate
A mineral taken primarily as a supplement to prevent osteoporosis. It is also being studied for cancer prevention.
calendula ointment (kuh-LEN-dyuh-luh OYNT-ment)
A substance made from the flower of the marigold plant Calendula officinalis. Calendula-based skin products have been used to treat minor cuts, burns, and skin irritation. The products that are available in the United States may not contain the same amount or mixture of ingredients and may not be effective. Another product, Calendula ointment, is being studied in France in the prevention of dermatitis in patients having radiation therapy for breast cancer. The ointment being studied is not available in the United States.
caloric intake
Refers to the number of calories (energy content) consumed.
calorie
A measurement of the energy content of food. The body needs calories as "fuel" to perform all of its functions, such as breathing, circulating the blood, and physical activity. When a person is sick, their body may need extra calories to fight fever or other problems.
CAM
Complementary and alternative medicine. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices generally are not considered standard medical approaches. Standard treatments go through a long and careful research process to prove they are safe and effective, but less is known about most types of CAM. CAM may include dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, acupuncture, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation.
Campath-1H
A monoclonal antibody used to treat leukemia. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells. Also called alemtuzumab.
camphor
A substance that comes from the wood and bark of the camphor tree or is made in the laboratory. It has a very unique smell and taste and is used in commercial products (for example, mothballs). Camphor is used in topical anti-infective and anti-pruritic (anti-itching) agents.
camptothecin
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors.
camptothecin analog
An anticancer drug related in structure to camptothecin, a topoisomerase inhibitor. One such drug is aminocamptothecin.
Cancell (kan-SEL)
A liquid that has been promoted as a treatment for a wide range of diseases, including cancer. The ingredients thought to be in Cancell have been tested, and none of them has been shown to be effective in treating any form of cancer. Cancell is not available in the United States. Also called Entelev, Sheridan's Formula, Jim's Juice, Crocinic Acid, JS'114, JS'101, 126'F, and Cantron.
cancer
A term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control. Cancer cells can invade nearby tissues and can spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to other parts of the body. There are several main types of cancer. Carcinoma is cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. Sarcoma is cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue. Leukemia is cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow, and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the bloodstream. Lymphoma and multiple myeloma are cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system.
cancer cluster (KAN-ser KLUS-ter)
The occurrence of a larger-than-expected number of cases of cancer within a group of people in a geographic area over a period of time.
Cancer Information Service
CIS. The Cancer Information Service is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237), or by using the LiveHelp instant-messaging service at https://cissecure.nci.nih.gov/livehelp/welcome.asp.
cancer of the adrenal cortex
A rare cancer that forms in the outer layer of tissue of the adrenal gland (a small organ on top of each kidney that makes steroid hormones, adrenaline, and noradrenaline to control heart rate, blood pressure, and other body functions). Also called adrenocortical cancer and adrenocortical carcinoma.
cancer of unknown primary origin
A case in which cancer cells are found in the body, but the place where the cells first started growing (the origin or primary site) cannot be determined.
cancer vaccine
A vaccine designed to prevent or treat cancer.
candidiasis (kan-dih-DY-uh-siss)
A condition in which Candida albicans, a type of yeast, grows out of control in moist skin areas of the body. It is usually a result of a weakened immune system, but can be a side effect of chemotherapy or treatment with antibiotics. Thrush usually affects the mouth (oral thrush); however, rarely, it spreads throughout the entire body. Also called candidosis or thrush.
candidosis (kan-dih-DOH-siss)
A condition in which Candida albicans, a type of yeast, grows out of control in moist skin areas of the body. It is usually a result of a weakened immune system, but can be a side effect of chemotherapy or treatment with antibiotics. Thrush usually affects the mouth (oral thrush); however, rarely, it spreads throughout the entire body. Also called candidiasis or thrush.
Cantron
A liquid that has been promoted as a treatment for a wide range of diseases, including cancer. The ingredients thought to be in Cantron have been tested, and none of them has been shown to be effective in treating any form of cancer. Cantron is not available in the United States. Also called Entelev, Sheridan's Formula, Jim's Juice, Crocinic Acid, JS'114, JS'101, 126'F, and Cancell.
CAP-1
Carcinoembryonic antigen peptide-1. A protein that can stimulate an immune response.
capecitabine
A drug that is used in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites.
capillary
The smallest type of blood vessel. A capillary connects an arteriole (small artery) to a venule (small vein) to form a network of blood vessels in almost all parts of the body. The wall of a capillary is thin and leaky, and capillaries are involved in the exchange of fluids and gases between tissues and the blood.
capillary leak syndrome
A condition in which fluid and proteins leak out of tiny blood vessels and flow into surrounding tissues, resulting in dangerously low blood pressure. Capillary leak syndrome may lead to multiple organ failure and shock.
capsaicin
A component of certain plants, including cayenne and red pepper, used topically for peripheral nerve pain. Also being studied for controlling mucositis pain after chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
capsule (KAP-sool)
In medicine, a sac of tissue and blood vessels that surrounds an organ, joint, or tumor. A capsule is also a form for medicine that is taken by mouth. It usually has a shell made of gelatin with the medicine inside.
captopril
A drug used to treat high blood pressure that is also being studied in the prevention of side effects caused by radiation therapy used in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called ACE inhibitors.
carbendazim
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antifungal agents.
carbogen
An inhalant of oxygen and carbon dioxide that increases the sensitivity of tumor cells to the effects of radiation therapy.
carbohydrate
A sugar molecule. Carbohydrates can be small and simple (for example, glucose) or they can be large and complex (for example, polysaccharides such as starch, chitin or cellulose).
carbolic acid (kar-BAH-lik...)
A very poisonous chemical substance made from tar and also found in some plants and essential oils (scented liquid taken from plants). Carbolic acid is used to make plastics, nylon, epoxy, medicines, and to kill germs. Also called phenol.
carbon-11 acetate
A radioactive form of carbon that is used in positron emission tomography (PET) scanning.
carboplatin
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called platinum compounds.
carboxyamidotriazole
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors.
carboxypeptidase-G2
A bacterial enzyme that is used to neutralize the toxic effects of methotrexate. It belongs to the family of drugs called chemoprotective agents.
carcinoembryonic antigen (KAR-sin-o-EM-bree-ON-ik ANT-i-jun)
CEA. A substance that is sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood of people who have certain cancers, other diseases, or who smoke. It is used as a tumor marker for colorectal cancer.
carcinoembryonic antigen peptide-1
CAP-1. A protein that can stimulate an immune response to certain tumors.
carcinogen (kar-SIN-o-jin)
Any substance that causes cancer.
carcinogenesis
The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.
carcinoid (KAR-sin-oyd)
A slow-growing type of tumor usually found in the gastrointestinal system (most often in the appendix), and sometimes in the lungs or other sites. Carcinoid tumors may spread to the liver or other sites in the body, and they may secrete substances such as serotonin or prostaglandins, causing carcinoid syndrome.
carcinoid syndrome (KAR-sin-oyd)
A combination of symptoms caused by the release of serotonin and other substances from carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms may include flushing of the face, flat angiomas (small collections of dilated blood vessels) of the skin, diarrhea, bronchial spasms, rapid pulse, and sudden drops in blood pressure.
carcinoma (KAR-sih-NOH-muh)
Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs.
carcinoma in situ (KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SYE-too)
Cancer that involves only cells in the tissue in which it began and that has not spread to nearby tissues.
carcinomatosis
A condition in which cancer is spread widely throughout the body, or, in some cases, to a relatively large region of the body. Also called carcinosis.
carcinosarcoma
A malignant tumor that is a mixture of carcinoma (cancer of epithelial tissue, which is skin and tissue that lines or covers the internal organs) and sarcoma (cancer of connective tissue, such as bone, cartilage, and fat).
carcinosis
A condition in which cancer is spread widely throughout the body, or, in some cases, to a relatively large region of the body. Also called carcinomatosis.
carcinostatic (KAR-sin-o-STAT-ik)
Pertaining to slowing or stopping the growth of cancer.
cardiac
Having to do with the heart.
cardiac sarcoma
A rare cancer that develops in tissues of the heart. Also called heart cancer.
cardin
Cnicus benedictus. A plant whose leaves, stems, and flowers have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. Cardin may have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Also called blessed thistle, St. Benedict's thistle, holy thistle, and spotted thistle.
cardiopulmonary
Having to do with the heart and lungs.
cardiotoxicity
Toxicity that affects the heart.
cardiovascular
Having to do with the heart and blood vessels.
carmustine
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.
carnitine
A substance made in the muscles and liver, and also found in certain foods such as meat, poultry, fish, and some dairy products. The body needs carnitine to make energy from fat.
carotenoid
A substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. Carotenoids may reduce the risk of developing cancer.
carotid artery (kuh-RAH-tid AR-tuh-ree)
A major artery that carries blood from the heart to the head. There is a carotid artery on each side of the neck, and each one splits into two branches. The interior branch carries blood to the brain and eyes, and the exterior branch carries blood to the face, tongue, and outside parts of the head.
carrier oil (KAYR-ee-er...)
A vegetable or nut oil with little or no scent that is used to dilute or 'carry' essential oils (scented liquid taken from plants).
cartilage (KAR-tih-lij)
A tough, flexible tissue that lines joints and gives structure to the nose, ears, larynx, and other parts of the body.
carzelesin
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.
case report
A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin).
case series
A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment.
case-control study
A study that compares two groups of people: those with the disease or condition under study (cases) and a very similar group of people who do not have the disease or condition (controls). Researchers study the medical and lifestyle histories of the people in each group to learn what factors may be associated with the disease or condition. For example, one group may have been exposed to a particular substance that the other was not. Also called a retrospective study.
caspofungin acetate
A drug used to prevent or treat infections caused by a fungus (a type of microorganism). It belongs to the family of drugs called antifungal agents.
Castleman's disease
A rare disorder in which noncancerous growths develop in lymph node tissue.
castration
Removal or destruction of the testicles or ovaries using radiation, surgery, or drugs. Medical castration refers to the use of drugs to suppress the function of the ovaries or testicles.
CAT scan
Computerized axial tomography scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computed tomography (CT scan) or computerized tomography.
cataract (KA-tuh-RAKT)
A condition in which the lens of the eye becomes cloudy. Symptoms include blurred, cloudy, or double vision; sensitivity to light; and difficulty seeing at night. Without treatment, cataracts can cause blindness. There are many different types and causes of cataracts. They may occur in people of all ages, but are most common in the elderly.
catechol
A chemical originally isolated from a type of mimosa tree. Catechol is used as an astringent, an antiseptic, and in photography, electroplating, and making other chemicals. It can also be man-made.
catheter (KATH-i-ter)
A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body.
cauterization (KAW-ter-ih-ZAY-shun)
The destruction of tissue with a hot instrument, an electrical current, or a caustic substance.
cauterize (KOT-uh-rize)
To destroy tissue with a hot instrument, an electrical current, or a caustic substance. This process may be used to kill certain types of small tumors or to seal off blood vessels to stop bleeding.
cavity (KA-vih-tee)
A hole in a tooth caused by decay from bacteria in the mouth.
CBC
Complete blood count. A test to check the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in a sample of blood. Also called blood cell count.
cBR96-doxorubicin immunoconjugate
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It combines a monoclonal antibody with the anticancer drug doxorubicin. Monoclonal antibodies are substances that are made in the laboratory and that can locate and bind to cancer cells. cBR96-doxorubicin immunoconjugate belongs to the family of drugs called antibody drug conjugates. Also called SGN-15.
CC-1088
A drug that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It is similar but not identical to thalidomide. CC-1088 belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors.
CC-49
A type of monoclonal antibody used in cancer detection or therapy. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells.
CC-5013
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It is similar to thalidomide. It belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. Also called lenalidomide.
CC-8490
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of brain cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called benzopyrans.
CC49-streptavidin
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It is made by combining the monoclonal antibody CC49 with a chemical called streptavidin. It can find tumor cells that have the protein TAG-72 on their surface, including colon, prostate, breast, and ovary cancer cells. After CC49-streptavidin binds to cancer cells, a radioactive compound called yttrium Y 90 DOTA-biotin will find those cells and kill them.
CCI-779
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called rapamycin analogs. Also called temsirolimus.
CD34 antigen
A protein found on the surface of some bone marrow and blood cells.
CD40-ligand
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It binds to certain immune cells and may suppress cancer growth.
CEA
Carcinoembryonic antigen. A substance that is sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood of people who have certain cancers, other diseases, or who smoke. It is used as a tumor marker for colorectal cancer.
CEA assay
A laboratory test to measure carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a substance that is sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood of people who have certain cancers.
cecum (SEE-kum)
A pouch that forms the first part of the large intestine. It connects the small intestine to the colon, which is part of the large intestine.
cedarwood (SEE-der-WOOD)
A type of evergreen tree with hard fragrant wood that is a member of the cypress family. The oil from the wood is used in soaps, shampoos, bath salts, perfumes, aromatherapy, and to keep insects away. It is also called Eastern red cedar and red cedar. The scientific name is Juniperus virginiana.
cefepime
A drug used to treat infection. It belongs to the family of drugs called cephalosporin antibiotics.
cefixime
An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. It belongs to the family of drugs called cephalosporins.
ceftriaxone
A drug used to treat infection. It belongs to the family of drugs called cephalosporin antibiotics.
celecoxib (sel-a-KOX-ib)
A drug that reduces pain. Celecoxib belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is being studied in the prevention of cancer.
Celexa
A drug used to treat depression. It belongs to the families of drugs called antidepressant agents and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Also called citalopram.
celiac disease
A digestive disease that is caused by an immune response to a protein called gluten, which is found in wheat, rye, barley, and oats. Celiac disease damages the lining of the small intestine and interferes with the absorption of nutrients from food. A person with celiac disease may become malnourished no matter how much food is consumed.
cell
The individual unit that makes up the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells.
cell differentiation
The process during which young, immature (unspecialized) cells take on individual characteristics and reach their mature (specialized) form and function.
cell motility
The ability of a cell to move.
cell proliferation
An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division.
cell respiration
A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also called oxidative metabolism, aerobic metabolism, or aerobic respiration.
cell-cycle regulation
Any process that controls the series of events by which a cell goes through the cell cycle. During the cell cycle, a cell makes a copy of its DNA and other contents, and divides in two. When cell cycle regulation doesn't happen correctly, cells may divide in an uncontrolled way, and diseases such as cancer can occur.
cell-to-cell signaling
The transfer of information from one cell to another.
cellular adhesion
The close adherence (bonding) to adjoining cell surfaces.
cellular adoptive immunotherapy
A treatment used to help the immune system fight cancer. A cancer patient's T cells (a type of white blood cell) are collected and grown in the laboratory to increase the number of T cells that are able to kill the person's cancer cells. These cancer-specific T cells are given back to the patient to help the immune system fight the cancer.
cellular metabolism
The sum of all chemical changes that take place in a cell through which energy and basic components are provided for essential processes, including the synthesis of new molecules and the breakdown and removal of others.
cellulitis
An acute, spreading infection of the deep tissues of the skin and muscle that causes the skin to become warm and tender and may also cause fever, chills, swollen lymph nodes, and blisters.
centimeter
A measure of length in the metric system. A centimeter is one hundredth of a meter. There are 21'2 centimeters in an inch.
central nervous system
CNS. The brain and spinal cord.
central nervous system metastasis (...meh-TAS-ta-sis)
CNS metastasis. Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the central nervous system (CNS).
central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumor (SEN-trul NER-vuss SISS-tum PRI-muh-tiv NOOR-oh-EK-toh-DER-mul TOO-mer)
CNS PNET. A type of cancer that arises from a particular type of cell within the brain or spinal cord.
central nervous system prophylaxis (...pro-fih-LAK-sis)
CNS prophylaxis. Chemotherapy or radiation therapy given to the central nervous system (CNS) as a preventive treatment. It is given to kill cancer cells that may be in the brain and spinal cord, even though no cancer has been detected there. Also called CNS sanctuary therapy.
central nervous system sanctuary therapy
CNS sanctuary therapy. Chemotherapy or radiation therapy given to the central nervous system (CNS) as a preventive treatment. It is given to kill cancer cells that may be in the brain and spinal cord, even though no cancer has been detected there. Also called CNS prophylaxis.
central nervous system tumor
CNS tumor. A tumor of the central nervous system, including brain stem glioma, craniopharyngioma, medulloblastoma, and meningioma.
central venous access catheter
A tube surgically placed into a blood vessel for the purpose of giving intravenous fluid and drugs. It also can be used to obtain blood samples. This device avoids the need for separate needle insertions for each infusion or blood test. Examples of these devices include Hickman catheters, which require clamps to make sure the valve is closed, and Groshong catheters, which have a valve that opens as fluid is withdrawn or infused and remains closed when not in use.
CEP-2563 dihydrochloride
A growth factor antagonist that may stop tumor cells from growing.
CEP-701
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
cephalexin
An antibiotic drug that belongs to the family of drugs called cephalosporins.
cephalosporin
A drug used to treat bacterial infections. It belongs to the family of drugs called antibiotics.
ceramide
A type of fat produced in the body. It may cause some types of cells to die and is being studied in cancer treatment.
cerebellar hemangioblastoma
A benign, slow-growing tumor in the cerebellum (part of the brain at the back of the head), made up of abnormal blood vessel growth. People with von Hippel-Landau disease have an increased risk of developing hemangioblastomas.
cerebellopontine (SER-uh-BEL-o-PON-teen)
Having to do with two structures of the brain, the cerebellum (located at the lower back of the brain) and the pons (located at the base of the brain in front of the cerebellum) and the area between them.
cerebellum (ser-uh-BEL-um)
The portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the brain stem. The cerebellum controls balance for walking and standing, and other complex motor functions.
cerebral hemisphere (seh-REE-bral HEM-is-feer)
One half of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions and also controls speech, thought, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls the muscles on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls the muscles on the right side of the body.
cerebrospinal fluid (seh-REE-broe-SPY-nal)
CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain.
cerebrospinal fluid diversion
A process used to drain fluid that has built up around the brain and spinal cord. A shunt (a long, thin tube) is placed in a ventricle of the brain and threaded under the skin to another part of the body, usually the abdomen. The shunt carries excess fluid away from the brain so it may be absorbed elsewhere in the body.
cerebrum (seh-REE-brum)
The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. Areas within the cerebrum control muscle functions and also control speech, thought, emotions, reading, writing, and learning.
cervical (SER-vih-kul)
Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck. Cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the 'neck') of the uterus.
cervical cancer (SER-vih-kul KAN-ser)
Cancer that forms in tissues of the cervix (organ connecting the uterus and vagina). It is usually a slow-growing cancer that may not have symptoms, but can be found with regular Pap smears (procedure in which cells are scraped from the cervix and looked at under a microscope).
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (SER-vih-kul IN-truh-eh-pih-THEEL-ee-ul NEE-o-play-zha)
CIN. A general term for the growth of abnormal cells on the surface of the cervix. Numbers from 1 to 3 may be used to describe how much of the cervix contains abnormal cells.
cervix (SER-viks)
The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina.
cetuximab (seh-TUK-sih-mab)
A monoclonal antibody used to treat some types of head and neck cancer, and colorectal cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Monoclonal antibodies are made in the laboratory and can locate and bind to cancer cells. Also called Erbitux.
cevimeline
A substance that increases production of saliva and tears. It is being studied as a treatment for dry mouth caused by radiation therapy to the head and neck. It belongs to the family of drugs called cholinergic enhancers.
CGP 48664
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase inhibitors.
Chamberlain procedure (CHAYM-ber-len proh-SEE-jer)
A procedure in which a tube is inserted into the chest to view the tissues and organs in the area between the lungs and between the breastbone and heart. The tube is inserted through an incision next to the breastbone. This procedure is usually used to get a tissue sample from the lymph nodes on the left side of the chest. Also called anterior mediastinotomy.
chamomile (KA-moh-MY-ul)
A family of plants with daisy-like flowers that are used in tea to calm and relax, improve sleep, and help digestion.
chaplain (CHA-plin)
A member of the clergy in charge of a chapel or who works with the military or with an institution, such as a hospital.
Chemo
This is a short way to refer to chemotherapy. It is easier to say rather than the whole word and a lot of people use this short version.
Chemo-brain or chemo-fog
Several medications used during chemotherapy can cause problems with your memory. These happen while you are taking chemo and for several months later. In rare cases, some patients have problems with their memory for up to 2 years after they are done with their chemo.
Chemo cocktail
Most chemo treatments include more than one drug. The combination of drugs used together or sometimes referred to as a "cocktail". Your combination of drugs, such as CAF means that you chemo cocktail includes cyclophosphamide (also known as Cytoxan), doxorubicin (also known as Adriamycin), and fluorouracil (also known as 5-FU).
chemoembolization
A procedure in which the blood supply to the tumor is blocked surgically or mechanically and anticancer drugs are administered directly into the tumor. This permits a higher concentration of drug to be in contact with the tumor for a longer period of time.
chemoimmunotherapy
Chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy. Chemotherapy uses different drugs to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells; immunotherapy uses treatments to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight cancer.
chemoprevention (KEE-mo-pre-VEN-shun)
The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer.
chemoprevention studies
In cancer prevention clinical trials, studies test whether taking certain medicines, vitamins, minerals, or food supplements can prevent cancer. Also called agent studies.
chemoprotective
A quality of some drugs used in cancer treatment. Chemoprotective agents protect healthy tissue from the toxic effects of anticancer drugs.
chemoradiation
Treatment that combines chemotherapy with radiation therapy. Also called chemoradiotherapy.
chemoradiotherapy
Treatment that combines chemotherapy with radiation therapy. Also called chemoradiation.
chemosensitivity
The susceptibility of tumor cells to the cell-killing effects of anticancer drugs.
chemosensitivity assay
A laboratory test that measures the number of tumor cells that are killed by a cancer drug. The test is done after the tumor cells are removed from the body. A chemosensitivity assay may help in choosing the best drug or drugs for the cancer being treated.
chemosensitizer
A drug that makes tumor cells more sensitive to the effects of chemotherapy.
chemotherapeutic agent
A drug used to treat cancer.
chemotherapy (kee-moh-THAYR-uh-pee)
Treatment with drugs that kill cancer cells.
chest wall
The muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen.
chest x-ray
An x-ray of the structures inside the chest. An x-ray is a type of high-energy radiation that can go through the body and onto film, making pictures of areas inside the chest, which can be used to diagnose disease.
chiasma (ki-AZ-ma)
An anatomy term for an X-shaped crossing (for example, of nerves or tendons).
child-life worker
A professional who is responsible for making a child's hospital and treatment experience less scary.
Chinese meridian theory (chy-NEEZ meh-RID-ee-un THEER-ee)
In traditional Chinese medicine, meridians are channels that form a network in the body, through which qi (vital energy) flows. Blocked qi causes pain or illness. The flow of qi is restored by using pressure, needles, suction, or heat at hundreds of specific points along the meridians.
Chinese rhubarb
Rheum palmatum or Rheum officinale. The root of this plant has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Also called rhubarb, da-huang, Indian rhubarb, and Turkish rhubarb.
chitin
A type of polysaccharide (sugar molecule) that is made by some plants and animals. The hard outer shell of shrimp, lobsters, and many insects is made of chitin.
chlorambucil
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.
chlorine
A chemical used to disinfect water and as a bleach.
chloroma
A malignant, green-colored tumor of myeloid cells (a type of immature white blood cell). This tumor is usually associated with myelogenous leukemia. Also called granulocytic sarcoma.
chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide
CQS. A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called halogenated sulfanilamides.
cholangiocarcinoma
A rare type of cancer that develops in cells that line the bile ducts in the liver. Cancer that forms where the right and left ducts meet is called Klatskin tumor.
cholangiosarcoma (ko-LAN-jee-o-sar-KO-ma)
A tumor of the connective tissues of the bile ducts.
cholecalciferol (KOH-leh-kal-SIH-fuh-rol)
A nutrient that helps the body use calcium and phosphorus and make strong bones and teeth. It is found in fatty fish, eggs, and dairy products. The skin can also make cholecalciferol when exposed to sunshine. Not getting enough cholecalciferol can cause a bone disease called rickets. Cholecalciferol is being studied in the prevention and treatment of some types of cancer. Also called vitamin D.
cholelith
Solid material that forms in the gallbladder or common bile duct. Choleliths are made of cholesterol or other substances found in the gallbladder. They may occur as one large stone or as many small ones, and vary from the size of a golf ball to a grain of sand. Also called gallstone.
cholestasis
Any condition in which the release of bile from the liver is blocked. The blockage can occur in the liver (intrahepatic cholestasis) or in the bile ducts (extrahepatic cholestasis).
cholesterol (kuh-LESS-tuh-rawl)
A waxy, fat-like substance made in the liver, and found in the blood and in all cells of the body. Cholesterol is important for good health and is needed for making cell walls, tissues, hormones, vitamin D, and bile acid. Cholesterol also comes from eating foods taken from animals such as egg yolks, meat, and whole-milk dairy products. Too much cholesterol in the blood may build up in blood vessel walls, block blood flow to tissues and organs, and increase the risk of developing heart disease and stroke.
chondrocyte
Cartilage cell. Chondrocytes make the structural components of cartilage.
chondroitin sulfate
The major glycosaminoglycan (a type of sugar molecule) in cartilage.
chondrosarcoma (KAHN-dro-sar-KO-ma)
A type of cancer that forms in cartilage.
chordoma (kor-DO-ma)
A type of bone cancer that usually starts in the lower spinal cord.
chorioadenoma destruens
A type of cancer that grows into the muscular wall of the uterus. It is formed after conception (fertilization of an egg by a sperm). It may spread to other parts of the body, such as the vagina, vulva, and lung. Also called invasive hydatidiform mole.
chorioallantoic membrane
The membrane in hen's eggs that helps chicken embryos get enough oxygen and calcium for development. The calcium comes from the egg shell.
choriocarcinoma
A rare cancer in women of childbearing age in which cancer cells grow in the tissues that are formed in the uterus after conception. Also called gestational trophoblastic disease, gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, gestational trophoblastic tumor, or molar pregnancy.
choroid plexus tumor
A rare type of cancer that occurs in the ventricles of the brai