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Definition 
Pronunciation 
Special thanks to the National Cancer Institute (NCI). Many of the definitions in this glossary were adapted or taken directly from the NCI's Dictionary of Cancer Terms.
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A type of cancer that begins in plasma cells (white blood cells that produce antibodies). Also called multiple myeloma, myelomatosis, or plasma cell myeloma.
Kaposi's sarcoma (KAP-o-seez sar-KO-ma)
A type of cancer characterized by the abnormal growth of blood vessels that develop into skin lesions or occur internally.
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
KSHV. A type of herpesvirus that may cause Kaposi's sarcoma (a rare cancer that can cause skin lesions) and a type of lymphoma (cancer that begins in the lymph system), especially in patients who have a weak immune system. Also called human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8).
karenitecin
A drug being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to a family of drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors. It is related to the anticancer drug camptothecin.
Karnofsky Performance Status
KPS. A standard way of measuring the ability of cancer patients to perform ordinary tasks. The Karnofsky Performance scores range from 0 to 100. A higher score means the patient is better able to carry out daily activities. KPS may be used to determine a patient's prognosis, to measure changes in a patient's ability to function, or to decide if a patient could be included in a clinical trial.
kava kava (KAH-vuh KAH-vuh)
An herb native to islands in the South Pacific. Substances taken from the root have been used in some cultures to relieve stress, anxiety, tension, sleeplessness, and problems of menopause. Kava kava may increase the effect of alcohol and of certain drugs used to treat anxiety and depression. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration advises users that kava kava may cause severe liver damage. Also called intoxicating pepper, rauschpfeffer, tonga, and yangona. The scientific name is Piper methysticum.
keloid (KEY-loyd)
A thick, irregular scar caused by excessive tissue growth at the site of an incision or wound.
kelp
Laminaria digitata. A type of seaweed. The stem-like parts of this plant have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have immunostimulatory and anticancer effects.
Kepivance
A form of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) that is made in the laboratory. KGF stimulates the growth of cells that line the surface of the mouth and intestinal tract. Kepivance is used to prevent and treat oral mucositis (mouth sores) caused by high-dose chemotherapy and radiation therapy in leukemia and lymphoma. It is also being studied in the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis (mouth sores) and dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) in other types of cancer. Kepivance belongs to the family of drugs called recombinant human keratinocyte growth factors. Also called palifermin.
keratan sulfate
A glycosaminoglycan (a type of polysaccharide) found in cartilage and in the cornea of the eye.
keratinocyte growth factor
KGF. A substance that stimulates the growth of epithelial cells that line the surface of the mouth and intestinal tract. There are several forms of KGF. Recombinant human KGF (rHuKGF) is being studied in the prevention of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) that may occur after tissue transplantation, and in the treatment of mucositis caused by chemotherapy and radiation therapy. rHuKGF is also called palifermin.
keratoacanthoma (KER-a-toe-AK-an-THOW-ma)
A benign (noncancerous), rapidly growing skin tumor that usually occurs on sun-exposed areas of the skin and that can go away without treatment.
ketoconazole (kee-ta-KOE-na-zol)
A drug that treats infection caused by a fungus. It is also used as a treatment for prostate cancer because it can block the production of male sex hormones.
ketone (KEE-tone)
A type of chemical substance used in perfumes, paints, solvents, and found in essential oils (scented liquid taken from plants). Ketones are also made by the body when there is not enough insulin.
ketorolac
A drug that belongs to a family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. It is being studied in cancer prevention.
keyhole limpet hemocyanin
KLH. One of a group of drugs called immune modulators, given as a vaccine to help the body respond to cancer.
KGF
Keratinocyte growth factor. A substance that stimulates the growth of epithelial cells that line the surface of the mouth and intestinal tract. There are several forms of KGF. Recombinant human KGF (rHuKGF) is being studied in the prevention of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) that may occur after tissue transplantation, and in the treatment of mucositis caused by chemotherapy and radiation therapy. rHuKGF is also called palifermin.
kidney (KID-nee)
One of a pair of organs in the abdomen. Kidneys remove waste from the blood (as urine), produce erythropoietin (a substance that stimulates red blood cell production), and play a role in blood pressure regulation.
kidney cancer (KID-nee KAN-ser)
Cancer that forms in tissues of the kidneys. Kidney cancer includes renal cell carcinoma (cancer that forms in the lining of very small tubes in the kidney that filter the blood and remove waste products) and renal pelvis carcinoma (cancer that forms in the center of the kidney where urine collects). It also includes Wilms' tumor, which is a type of kidney cancer that usually develops in children under the age of 5.
kidney failure (KID-nee FAYL-yer)
A condition in which the kidneys stop working and are not able to remove waste and extra water from the blood or keep body chemicals in balance. Acute or severe kidney failure happens suddenly (for example, after an injury) and may be treated and cured. Chronic kidney failure develops over many years, may be caused by conditions like high blood pressure or diabetes, and cannot be cured. Chronic kidney failure may lead to total and long-lasting kidney failure, called end-stage renal disease (ESRD). A person in ESRD needs dialysis (the process of cleaning the blood by passing it through a membrane or filter) or a kidney transplant. Also called renal failure.
killer cell
A white blood cell that attacks tumor cells and body cells that have been invaded by foreign substances.
kilogram
A measure of weight. A kilogram is equal to 2.2 pounds.
Kinaret
A substance that is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, and is being studied in the treatment of cancer. Kinaret blocks the action of interleukin 1 (IL-1). It belongs to the family of drugs called interleukin receptor antagonists. Also called anakinra.
Klatskin tumor
Cancer that develops in cells that line the bile ducts in the liver, where the right and left ducts meet. It is a type of cholangiocarcinoma.
Klebsiella
A bacteria that frequently causes lung, urinary tract, intestinal, and wound infections.
Klinefelter's syndrome
A genetic disorder in males caused by having an extra X chromosome. Males with this disorder may have larger than normal breasts, a lack of facial and body hair, a rounded body type, and small testicles. They may learn to speak much later than other children and may have difficulty learning to read and write. Klinefelter's syndrome increases the risk of developing testicular cancer.
Korean acupuncture (...AK-yoo-PUNK-cher)
A type of acupuncture based on a form of Oriental medicine in which treatment is based on a person's constitution. According to this type of medicine, the constitution is the specific way a person's organs affect health and how he or she looks, thinks, behaves, and responds to treatment. Also called constitutional acupuncture.
KOS-862
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the families of drugs called mitotic inhibitors and epothilones. Also called epothilone D.
KPS
Karnofsky Performance Status. A standard way of measuring the ability of cancer patients to perform ordinary tasks. The Karnofsky Performance scores range from 0 to 100. A higher score means the patient is better able to carry out daily activities. KPS may be used to determine a patient's prognosis, to measure changes in a patient's ability to function, or to decide if a patient could be included in a clinical trial.
kretek
A cigarette made of a mixture of tobacco and clove.
KRN5500
An anticancer drug that belongs to a family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics. It is an anthracycline.
KRN7000
A drug being studied in the treatment of cancer. It is a biological response modifier that belongs to the family of drugs called glycosphingolipids or agelasphins.
Krukenberg tumor (KROO-ken-berg TOO-mer)
A tumor in the ovary caused by the spread of stomach cancer.
KSHV
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. A type of herpesvirus that may cause Kaposi's sarcoma (a rare cancer that can cause skin lesions) and a type of lymphoma (cancer that begins in the lymph system), especially in patients who have a weak immune system. Also called human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8).
KW2189
A semisynthetic anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics.
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A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer.
L-778,123
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called enzyme inhibitors. It may inhibit the transformation of normal cells into cancer cells.
L-carnitine
A form of carnitine, which is a substance made in the muscles and liver. It can be given as a supplement to prevent and treat carnitine deficiency in patients who are receiving chemotherapy for cancer or undergoing dialysis for kidney disease. Also called levocarnitine.
labial mucosa (LAY-bee-ul myoo-KOH-suh)
The inner lining of the lips.
laboratory study
Research done in a laboratory. These studies may use test tubes or animals to find out if a drug, procedure, or treatment is likely to be useful. Laboratory studies take place before any testing is done in humans.
laboratory test
A medical procedure that involves testing a sample of blood, urine, or other substance from the body. Tests can help determine a diagnosis, plan treatment, check to see if treatment is working, or monitor the disease over time.
lacrimal gland
A gland that secretes tears. The lacrimal glands are found in the upper, outer part of each eye socket.
lactate dehydrogenase (LAK-tayt dee-hy-DRAH-juh-nayz)
LDH. One of a group of enzymes found in the blood and other body tissues and involved in energy production in cells. An increased amount of LDH in the blood may be a sign of tissue damage and some types of cancer or other diseases. Also called lactic acid dehydrogenase.
lactic acid dehydrogenase
One of a group of enzymes found in the blood and other body tissues, and involved in energy production in cells. An increased amount in the blood may be a sign of tissue damage and some types of cancer or other diseases. Also called lactate dehydrogenase.
lactoferrin (LAK-toh-fayr-in)
A protein that is found in milk, tears, mucus, bile, and some white blood cells and is being studied in the treatment and prevention of cancer. It is involved in fighting against infection and inflammation and it acts as an antioxidant.
lactose
A type of sugar found in milk and milk products.
lactose intolerance
The inability to digest or absorb lactose, a type of sugar found in milk and other dairy products.
laetrile (LAY-eh-tril)
A substance found in the pits of many fruits such as apricots and papayas, and in other foods. It has been tried in some countries as a treatment for cancer, but it has not been shown to work in clinical studies. Laetrile is not approved for use in the United States. Also called amygdalin.
LAK cell
A white blood cell that is stimulated in a laboratory to kill tumor cells. Also called a lymphokine-activated killer cell.
lamina propria
A type of connective tissue found under the thin layer of tissues covering a mucous membrane.
lamivudine
A drug used to treat infection caused by viruses.
lamotrigine
A drug that is used to help control some types of seizures. It is being studied in the prevention of peripheral neuropathy caused by some chemotherapy drugs. It belongs to the family of drugs called anticonvulsants.
laparoscope (LA-puh-ruh-SKOPE)
A thin, tube-like instrument used to look at tissues and organs inside the abdomen. A laparoscope has a light and a lens for viewing and may have a tool to remove tissue.
laparoscopic prostatectomy (LA-puh-ruh-SKAH-pik prah-stuh-TEK-toh-mee)
Surgery to remove all or part of the prostate with the aid of a laparoscope. A laparoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease.
laparoscopic-assisted colectomy (LA-puh-ruh-SKAH-pik...koh-LEK-toh-mee)
Surgery done with the aid of a laparoscope to remove all or part of the colon through several small incisions made in the wall of the abdomen. A laparoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease. The laparoscope is inserted through one opening to guide the surgery. Surgical instruments are inserted through the other openings to perform the surgery. When only part of the colon is removed, it is called a partial colectomy.
laparoscopy (la-puh-ROSS-koh-pee)
A procedure that uses a laparoscope, inserted through the abdominal wall, to examine the inside of the abdomen. A laparoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease.
laparotomy (lap-a-RAH-toe-mee)
A surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen.
lapatinib
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called ErbB-2 and EGFR dual tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Also called GW572016 and Tykerb.
lappa
Arctium lappa. A plant whose seeds and root have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have antioxidant effects. Also called burdock and happy major.
large cell carcinoma (...KAR-sih-NOH-muh)
Lung cancer in which the cells are large and look abnormal when viewed under a microscope.
large granular lymphocyte
A type of white blood cell that contains granules with enzymes that can kill tumor cells or microbial cells. Also called a natural killer cell.
large intestine
The long, tube-like organ that is connected to the small intestine at one end and the anus at the other. The large intestine has four parts: cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal. Partly digested food moves through the cecum into the colon, where water and some nutrients and electrolytes are removed. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon, is stored in the rectum, and leaves the body through the anal canal and anus.
laryngeal (luh-RIN-jee-ul)
Having to do with the larynx.
laryngeal cancer (luh-RIN-jee-ul KAN-ser)
Cancer that forms in tissues of the larynx (area of the throat that contains the vocal cords and is used for breathing, swallowing, and talking). Most laryngeal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas (cancer that begins in flat cells lining the larynx).
laryngectomee (lair-in-JEK-toe-mee)
A person whose larynx (voice box) has been removed.
laryngectomy (LAIR-in-JEK-tuh-mee)
An operation to remove all or part of the larynx (voice box).
laryngitis
Inflammation of the larynx.
laryngoscope (luh-RING-goh-SKOPE)
A thin, tube-like instrument used to examine the larynx (voice box). A laryngoscope has a light and a lens for viewing and may have a tool to remove tissue.
laryngoscopy (LAIR-in-GOSS-kuh-pee)
Examination of the larynx (voice box) with a mirror (indirect laryngoscopy) or with a laryngoscope (direct laryngoscopy).
larynx (LAIR-inks)
The area of the throat containing the vocal cords and used for breathing, swallowing, and talking. Also called the voice box.
laser (LAY-zer)
A device that concentrates light into an intense, narrow beam used to cut or destroy tissue. It is used in microsurgery, photodynamic therapy, and for a variety of diagnostic purposes.
laser acupuncture (LAY-zer AK-yoo-PUNK-cher)
The use of a low-level laser beam instead of an acupuncture needle to stimulate an acupuncture point.
laser surgery
A surgical procedure that uses the cutting power of a laser beam to make bloodless cuts in tissue or to remove a surface lesion such as a tumor.
laser therapy
The use of an intensely powerful beam of light to kill cancer cells.
lassitude (LA-sih-tood)
A feeling of tiredness, weakness, and lack of interest in daily activities.
late effects
Side effects of cancer treatment that appear months or years after treatment has ended. Late effects include physical and mental problems and second cancers.
latent
Describes a condition that is present but not active or causing symptoms.
lavender (LA-vun-der)
A plant with aromatic leaves and flowers that is a member of the mint family. Oil from the flowers has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems, to keep insects away, and to wash in. It is also used in aromatherapy. Perillyl alcohol, a substance found in lavender, is being studied in cancer prevention and treatment. Also called English lavender and true lavender. The scientific name is Lavandula angustifolia.
laxative
A substance that promotes bowel movements.
LCIS
Lobular carcinoma in situ. Abnormal cells found in the lobules of the breast. This condition seldom becomes invasive cancer; however, having lobular carcinoma in situ increases one's risk of developing breast cancer in either breast.
LDH
Lactate dehydrogenase. One of a group of enzymes found in the blood and other body tissues, and involved in energy production in cells. An increased amount in the blood may be a sign of tissue damage and some types of cancer or other diseases. Also called lactic acid dehydrogenase.
lectin
A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants.
LED therapy
Light-emitting diode therapy. Treatment with drugs that become active and may kill cancer cells when exposed to light. LED therapy is a type of photodynamic therapy, which uses a special type of light to activate the drug.
LEEP
Loop electrosurgical excision procedure. A technique that uses electric current passed through a thin wire loop to remove abnormal tissue. Also called loop excision.
leflunomide
An anticancer drug that works by inhibiting a cancer cell growth factor. Also called SU101.
legal aid organization
A group or agency that gives legal help to people with low incomes. Health legal aid workers help people with issues related to getting good healthcare, and getting insurance to cover certain patients and conditions.
leiomyoma
A benign smooth muscle tumor, usually in the uterus or gastrointestinal tract. Also called fibroid.
leiomyosarcoma
A malignant (cancerous) tumor of smooth muscle cells that can arise almost anywhere in the body, but is most common in the uterus, abdomen, or pelvis.
lenalidomide
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It is similar to thalidomide. It belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. Also called CC-5013.
lentinan
A beta-glucan (a type of polysaccharide) from the mushroom Lentinus edodes (shiitake mushroom). It has been studied in Japan as a treatment for cancer.
LEP-ETU
A form of the anticancer drug paclitaxel that may have fewer side effects and work better than paclitaxel. It is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors. Also called PNU-93914 and paclitaxel liposome.
lepirudin
A drug that inhibits blood clotting. It is being studied in cancer treatment.
leptomeningeal
Having to do with the two innermost layers of tissues that cover the brain and spinal cord.
leptomeningeal cancer
A tumor that involves the tissues that cover the brain and spinal cord.
leptomeningeal metastases
Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the tissues that cover the brain and spinal cord.
leridistim
A substance that is being studied for its ability to stimulate the production of blood cells during chemotherapy. It belongs to the family of drugs called colony-stimulating factors. Also known as SC-70935.
lerisetron
A drug that prevents or reduces nausea and vomiting.
lesion (LEE-zhun)
An area of abnormal tissue. A lesion may be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
letrozole
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors. Letrozole is used to decrease estrogen production and suppress the growth of estrogen-dependent tumors.
leucovorin
A drug used to protect normal cells from high doses of the anticancer drug methotrexate. It is also used to increase the antitumor effects of fluorouracil and tegafur-uracil, an oral treatment alternative to intravenous fluorouracil.
leukapheresis
Removal of the blood to collect specific blood cells; the remaining blood is returned to the body.
leukemia (loo-KEE-mee-a)
Cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow, and causes large numbers of blood cells to be produced and enter the bloodstream.
leukocyte (LOO-ko-site)
A white blood cell. Refers to a blood cell that does not contain hemoglobin. White blood cells include lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, and mast cells. These cells are made by bone marrow and help the body fight infection and other diseases.
leukopenia (LOO-ko-PEE-nya)
A condition in which the number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood is reduced.
leukoplakia (loo-ko-PLAY-kee-a)
An abnormal patch of white tissue that forms on mucous membranes in the mouth and other areas of the body. It may become cancerous. Tobacco (smoking and chewing) and alcohol may increase the risk of leukoplakia in the mouth.
leuprolide (LOO-pro-lide)
A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs. It is used to block hormone production in the ovaries or testicles.
leuvectin
An agent that delivers the gene for interleukin-2 (IL-2) into cells to increase production of IL-2 by the cells.
levamisole
An antiparasitic drug that is also being studied in cancer therapy with fluorouracil.
levels of evidence (LEH-vulz uv EH-vih-dents)
A ranking system used to describe the strength of the results measured in a clinical trial or research study. The design of the study (such as a case report for an individual patient or a randomized double-blinded controlled clinical trial) and the endpoints measured (such as survival or quality of life) affect the strength of the evidence.
levocarnitine
A form of carnitine, which is a substance made in the muscles and liver. It can be given as a supplement to prevent and treat carnitine deficiency in patients who are receiving chemotherapy for cancer or undergoing dialysis for kidney disease. Also called L-carnitine.
levofloxacin
A substance used to treat bacterial infections. It belongs to the family of drugs called quinolone antibiotics.
Lexapro
A drug used to treat depression and certain anxiety disorders. It belongs to the family of drugs called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Also called escitalopram.
LGD1069
An anticancer drug used to decrease the growth of some types of cancer cells. It belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. Also called bexarotene.
LH-RH
Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. A hormone that stimulates the production of sex hormones in men and women.
Lhermitte's sign (lair-MEETS)
A sensation similar to an electrical shock radiating from the back of the head down the spine as the neck is bent forward.
Li-Fraumeni syndrome
A rare, inherited predisposition to multiple cancers, caused by an alteration in the p53 tumor suppressor gene.
liarozole
An anticancer drug that promotes differentiation by increasing the levels of retinoic acid within the tumor.
libido (lih-BEE-doh)
Sexual desire.
lidocaine (LYE-doe-kane)
A substance that is used to relieve pain by blocking signals at the nerve endings in skin. It can also be given intravenously to stop heart arrhythmias. It belongs to the families of drugs called local anesthetics and antiarrhythmics.
ligation (lye-GAY-shun)
The process of tying off blood vessels so that blood cannot flow to a part of the body or to a tumor.
light microscope
A microscope (device to magnify small objects) in which objects are lit directly by white light.
light-emitting diode therapy
LED therapy. Treatment with drugs that become active and may kill cancer cells when exposed to light. LED therapy is type of photodynamic therapy which uses a special type of light to activate the drug.
lignan
A member of a group of substances found in plants that have shown estrogenic and anticancer effects. Lignans have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems.
limb perfusion (per-FYOO-zhun)
A technique that may be used to deliver anticancer drugs directly to an arm or leg. The flow of blood to and from the limb is temporarily stopped with a tourniquet, and anticancer drugs are put directly into the blood of the limb. This allows the person to receive a high dose of drugs in the area where the cancer occurred. Also called isolated limb perfusion.
limbic system (LIM-bik SIS-tem)
A network of structures in the brain involved in memory and emotions.
limited-stage small cell lung cancer
Cancer is found in one lung, the tissues between the lungs, and nearby lymph nodes only.
linac
A machine that uses electricity to form a stream of fast-moving subatomic particles. This creates high-energy radiation that may be used to treat cancer. Also called linear accelerator and MeV linear accelerator (mega-voltage linear accelerator).
linear accelerator
A machine that uses electricity to form a stream of fast-moving subatomic particles. This creates high-energy radiation that may be used to treat cancer. Also called linac and MeV linear accelerator (mega-voltage linear accelerator).
linseed
The seed of the flax plant. It is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acid, fiber, and a compound called lignin. It is being studied in the prevention of prostate cancer. Also called flaxseed.
liothyronine sodium
A thyroid hormone. Also called triiodothyronine or T-3.
lipid
Fat.
lipoma (lih-POH-muh)
A benign (not cancer) tumor made of fat cells.
lipophilic
Able to dissolve, be dissolved in, or absorb lipids (fats).
liposarcoma
A rare cancer of the fat cells.
liposomal
A drug preparation that contains the active drug in very tiny fat particles. This fat-encapsulated drug is absorbed better, and its distribution to the tumor site is improved.
liposomal SN-38 (LIH-poh-SOH-mul...)
A form of the anticancer drug irinotecan that may have fewer side effects and work better than irinotecan alone. It is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called irinotecan (CPT-11) derivatives.
liquid-based Pap test
A type of Pap test. A Pap test is a procedure in which cells are scraped from the cervix for examination under a microscope. It is used to detect cancer or changes that may lead to cancer. A Pap test can also show noncancerous conditions, such as infection or inflammation. In a liquid-based Pap test, the cells are rinsed into a small container of liquid. The cells are then placed onto slides by a special machine and examined under a microscope to see if the cells are abnormal.
lisofylline
A drug that may protect healthy cells from chemotherapy and radiation without inhibiting the effects of these therapies on tumor cells.
liver
A large organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile.
liver cancer
A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the liver.
liver function test
A blood test to measure the blood levels of certain substances released by the liver. A high or low level of certain substances can be a sign of liver disease.
liver metastases
Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the liver.
liver scan
An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner.
living will
A type of legal advance directive in which a person describes specific treatment guidelines that are to be followed by health care providers if he or she becomes terminally ill and cannot communicate. A living will usually has instructions about whether to use aggressive medical treatment to keep a person alive (such as CPR, artificial nutrition, use of a respirator).
LMB-1 immunotoxin
A toxic substance linked to an antibody that attaches to tumor cells and kills them.
LMB-2 immunotoxin
A toxic substance linked to an antibody that attaches to tumor cells and kills them.
LMB-7 immunotoxin
A toxic substance linked to an antibody that attaches to tumor cells and kills them.
LMB-9 immunotoxin
A toxic substance linked to an antibody that attaches to tumor cells and kills them.
lobaplatin
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called platinum compounds.
lobe
A portion of an organ, such as the liver, lung, breast, thyroid, or brain.
lobectomy ( loh-BEK-tuh-mee)
Surgery to remove a whole lobe (section) of an organ (such as a lung, liver, brain, or thyroid gland).
lobradimil
A substance that is being studied for its ability to help other drugs reach the brain. It belongs to the family of drugs called bradykinin agonists. Also called RMP-7.
lobular carcinoma
Cancer that begins in the lobules (the glands that make milk) of the breast. Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is a condition in which abnormal cells are found only in the lobules. When cancer has spread from the lobules to surrounding tissues, it is invasive lobular carcinoma. LCIS does not become invasive lobular carcinoma very often, but having LCIS in one breast increases the risk of developing invasive cancer in either breast.
lobular carcinoma in situ (LOB-yoo-lar KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SYE-too)
LCIS. A condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lobules of the breast. LCIS seldom becomes invasive cancer; however, having lobular carcinoma in situ in one breast increases the risk of developing breast cancer in either breast.
lobule (LOB-yule)
A small lobe or a subdivision of a lobe.
local anesthesia (an-es-THEE-zha)
Drugs that cause a temporary loss of feeling in one part of the body. The patient remains awake but has no feeling in the part of the body treated with the anesthetic.
local cancer
An invasive malignant cancer confined entirely to the organ where the cancer began.
local therapy
Treatment that affects cells in the tumor and the area close to it.
localization (LO-kal-ih-ZAY-shun)
The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site.
localized
Restricted to the site of origin, without evidence of spread.
localized gallbladder cancer
Cancer found only in the tissues that make up the wall of the gallbladder. Localized gallbladder cancer can be removed completely in an operation.
localized malignant mesothelioma
Cancer is found in the lining of the chest wall and may also be found in the lining of the lung, the lining of the diaphragm (the thin muscle below the lungs and heart that separates the chest from the abdomen), or the lining of the sac that covers the heart on the same side of the chest. Also called stage I malignant mesothelioma.
locally advanced cancer
Cancer that has spread only to nearby tissues or lymph nodes.
locus (LOH-kuss)
Specific place where something is located or occurs. It may refer to a specific place on the body (such as an acupuncture point) or the place on a chromosome where a specific gene is found.
lometrexol
A substance that is being studied as a treatment for cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called antifolates.
lomustine
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.
lonafarnib
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called enzyme inhibitors. Also called SCH 66336.
loop electrosurgical excision procedure (loop ee-LEK-troh-SER-jih-kul ek-SIH-zhun proh-SEE-jer)
LEEP. A technique that uses electric current passed through a thin wire loop to remove abnormal tissue. Also called loop excision.
loop excision (ek-SI-zhun)
A technique that uses electric current passed through a thin wire loop to remove abnormal tissue. Also called loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP).
loperamide hydrochloride
An antidiarrheal drug.
lorazepam (lor-AZ-uh-pam)
A drug that is used to treat anxiety and certain seizure disorders (such as epilepsy), and to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. It belongs to the families of drugs called antiemetics and benzodiazepines.
losoxantrone
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antipyrazoles.
low grade
When referring to cancerous and precancerous growths, a term used to describe cells that look nearly normal under a microscope. These cells are less likely to grow and spread quickly than cells in high-grade cancerous or precancerous growths.
low-grade lymphoma
A type of lymphoma that tends to grow and spread slowly, and has few symptoms. Also called indolent lymphoma.
low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion
LSIL. A condition in which the cells of the uterine cervix are slightly abnormal. LSIL is not cancer.
lower GI series
X-rays of the colon and rectum (lower gastrointestinal tract) that are taken after a person is given a barium enema.
LSIL
Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. A condition in which the cells of the uterine cervix are slightly abnormal. LSIL is not cancer.
LU 79553
An anticancer drug that kills cancer cells by affecting DNA synthesis.
LU-103793
An anticancer drug that reduces the risk of tumor cell growth and reproduction.
lubricant (LOO-brih-kant)
An oily or slippery substance.
lumbar puncture
A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a spinal tap.
lumen
The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ such as a blood vessel or the intestine.
lumpectomy (lump-EK-toe-mee)
Surgery to remove the tumor and a small amount of normal tissue around it.
lung
One of a pair of organs in the chest that supplies the body with oxygen, and removes carbon dioxide from the body.
lung cancer (lung KAN-ser)
Cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages. The two main types are small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. These types are diagnosed based on how the cells look under a microscope.
lung metastases
Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the lung.
lupus
A chronic, inflammatory, connective tissue disease that can affect the joints and many organs, including the skin, heart, lungs, kidneys, and nervous system. It can cause many different symptoms; however, not everyone with lupus has all of the symptoms. Also called systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
lurtotecan
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors.
luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
LH-RH. A hormone that stimulates the production of sex hormones in men and women.
luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist (LOO-tin-eye-zing. . .AG-o-nist)
LH-RH agonist. A drug that inhibits the secretion of sex hormones. In men, LH-RH agonist causes testosterone levels to fall. In women, LH-RH agonist causes the levels of estrogen and other sex hormones to fall.
lutetium texaphyrin
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer using photodynamic therapy. It belongs to the family of drugs called metallotexaphyrins. Also called motexafin lutetium.
Luvox
A drug used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder. It belongs to the families of drugs called antidepressant agents and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Also called fluvoxamine.
LY231514
A drug that is used to treat malignant pleural mesothelioma and advanced non-small cell lung cancer and is being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called enzyme inhibitors. Also called Alimta and pemetrexed disodium.
LY293111
A substance that is being studied as a treatment for cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called leukotriene B4 receptor antagonists.
LY317615
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the families of drugs called protein kinase C inhibitors and angiogenesis inhibitors. Also called enzastaurin.
LY335979
A substance that is being studied for its ability to reverse resistance to chemotherapy. Also called zosuquidar trihydrochloride.
LY353381 hydrochloride
A hormone substance used in the treatment of some types of cancer.
lycopene (LIE-kuh-peen)
A red pigment found in tomatoes and some fruits. It is an antioxidant and may help prevent some types of cancer.
lymph (limf)
The clear fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infections and other diseases. Also called lymphatic fluid.
lymph gland
A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Lymph glands filter lymph (lymphatic fluid), and they store lymphocytes (white blood cells). They are located along lymphatic vessels. Also called a lymph node.
lymph node (limf node)
A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Lymph nodes filter lymph (lymphatic fluid), and they store lymphocytes (white blood cells). They are located along lymphatic vessels. Also called a lymph gland.
lymph node dissection (limf node dis-EK-shun)
A surgical procedure in which the lymph nodes are removed and examined to see whether they contain cancer. For a regional lymph node dissection, some of the lymph nodes in the tumor area are removed; for a radical lymph node dissection, most or all of the lymph nodes in the tumor area are removed. Also called lymphadenectomy.
lymph node drainage
The flow of lymph from an area of tissue into a particular lymph node.
lymph node mapping
The use of dyes and radioactive substances to identify lymph nodes that may contain tumor cells. Also called lymphatic mapping.
lymph vessel (limf)
A thin tube that carries lymph (lymphatic fluid) and white blood cells through the lymphatic system. Also called lymphatic vessel.
lymphadenectomy
A surgical procedure in which the lymph nodes are removed and examined to see whether they contain cancer. For a regional lymphadenectomy, some of the lymph nodes in the tumor area are removed; for a radical lymphadenectomy, most or all of the lymph nodes in the tumor area are removed. Also called lymph node dissection.
lymphadenopathy
Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes.
lymphangiogram (lim-FAN-jee-o-gram)
An x-ray of the lymphatic system. A dye is injected into a lymphatic vessel and travels throughout the lymphatic system. The dye outlines the lymphatic vessels and organs on the x-ray.
lymphangiography (lim-FAN-jee-AH-gra-fee)
An x-ray study of the lymphatic system. A dye is injected into a lymphatic vessel and travels throughout the lymphatic system. The dye outlines the lymphatic vessels and organs on the x-ray.
lymphangiosarcoma
A type of cancer that begins in the cells that line lymph vessels.
lymphatic basin
A group of lymph nodes that receives and filters lymph that flows from a certain area of the body. Special dyes may be used to stain and identify the lymphatic basin in the tissues around a tumor, so that lymph nodes that may contain cancer can be removed and checked by a pathologist.
lymphatic fluid (lim-FAT-ik)
The clear fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infections and other diseases. Also called lymph.
lymphatic mapping
The use of dyes and radioactive substances to identify lymph nodes that may contain tumor cells. Also called lymph node mapping.
lymphatic system (lim-FAT-ik SIS-tem)
The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infections and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels (a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells). Lymphatic vessels branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body.
lymphatic vessel (lim-FAT-ik)
A thin tube that carries lymph (lymphatic fluid) and white blood cells through the lymphatic system. Also called lymph vessel.
lymphedema (LIMF-eh-DEE-ma)
A condition in which excess fluid collects in tissue and causes swelling. It may occur in the arm or leg after lymph vessels or lymph nodes in the underarm or groin are removed or treated with radiation.
lymphoblast
A lymphocyte that has gotten larger after being stimulated by an antigen. Lymphoblasts look like immature lymphocytes, and were once thought to be precursor cells.
lymphocyte (LIM-fo-site)
A type of white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases.
lymphocytic (lim-fo-SIT-ik)
Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell.
lymphocytic leukemia
A type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many lymphocytes (white blood cells).
lymphoepithelioma (LIM-fo-EP-ih-THEE-lee-O-ma)
A type of cancer that begins in the tissues covering the nasopharynx (the upper part of the throat behind the nose).
lymphography
An x-ray study of lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels made visible by the injection of a special dye.
lymphoid (LIM-foyd)
Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop.
lymphokine-activated killer cell
A white blood cell that is stimulated in a laboratory to kill tumor cells. Also called an LAK cell.
lymphoma (lim-FO-ma)
Cancer that begins in cells of the immune system. There are two basic categories of lymphomas. One kind is Hodgkin's lymphoma, which is marked by the presence of a type of cell called the Reed-Sternberg cell. The other category is non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, which includes a large, diverse group of cancers of immune system cells. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas can be further divided into cancers that have an indolent (slow-growing) course and those that have an aggressive (fast-growing) course. These subtypes behave and respond to treatment differently. Both Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas can occur in children and adults, and prognosis and treatment depend on the stage and the type of cancer.
lymphomatoid granulomatosis
Destructive growth of lymph cells, usually involving the lungs, skin, kidneys, and central nervous system. Grades I and II are not considered cancerous, but grade III is considered a lymphoma.
lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LIM-foh-plaz-muh-SIH-tik lim-FOH-muh)
An indolent (slow-growing) type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma marked by abnormal levels of IgM antibodies in the blood and an enlarged liver, spleen, or lymph nodes. Also called Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia.
lymphoproliferative disorder
A disease in which cells of the lymphatic system grow excessively. Lymphoproliferative disorders are often treated like cancer.
lymphosarcoma
An obsolete term for a malignant tumor of lymphatic tissue.
lymphoscintigraphy (lim-fo-sin-TIG-ruh-fee)
A method used to identify the sentinel lymph node (the first draining lymph node near a tumor). A radioactive substance that can be taken up by lymph nodes is injected at the site of the tumor, and a doctor follows the movement of this substance on a computer screen. Once the lymph nodes that have taken up the substance are identified, they can be removed and examined to see if they contain tumor cells.
Lynch syndrome
An inherited disorder in which affected individuals have a higher-than-normal chance of developing colon cancer and certain other types of cancer, usually before the age of 60. Also called hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer.
lysis
In biology, lysis refers to the breakdown of a cell caused by damage to its plasma (outer) membrane. Lysis can be caused by chemical or physical means (for example, strong detergents or high-energy sound waves) or by an infection.
lysosome
A sac-like compartment inside a cell that has enzymes that can break down cellular components that need to be destroyed.
lytic
Having to do with lysis. In biology, lysis refers to the disintegration of a cell by disruption of its plasma membrane. Lysis can be caused by chemical or physical means (e.g., high-energy sound waves) or by a virus infection.
lytic lesion
Destruction of an area of bone due to a disease process, such as cancer.
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An antibody or part of an antibody found in unusually large amounts in the blood or urine of people with multiple myeloma and other types of plasma cell tumors. Also called monoclonal protein.
M200
A monoclonal antibody that is being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. Monoclonal antibodies are made in the laboratory and can locate and bind to cancer cells. M200 binds to a protein that is found on cells that line some tumor blood vessels. It belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. Also called volociximab.
ma huang (mah-hwahng)
Ephedra sinica. A shrub native to China and India. The stems and roots are used in traditional medicine as a diuretic and for asthma, bronchitis, and cough. It has also been promoted as a decongestant, a weight loss aid, and as a supplement to increase energy. Ma huang may cause high blood pressure, increased heart rate, or death if used with certain drugs, and may reduce the effects of certain drugs used to treat cancer and other diseases. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has banned the sale of dietary supplements that contain ma huang. Also called ephedra.
macroglobulinemia (MAK-ro-GLOB-u-li-NE-me-uh)
A condition in which the blood contains high levels of large proteins and is too thick to flow through small blood vessels. One type is Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, which is a type of cancer.
macrophage
A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells.
mafosfamide
A form of cyclophosphamide that can be administered as an intrathecal infusion. Mafosfamide is being studied as an anticancer drug. It belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.
MAGE-3
A gene found in some types of tumors.
magnesium
In medicine, a mineral used by the body to help maintain muscles, nerves, and bones. It is also used in energy metabolism and protein synthesis.
magnetic resonance imaging (mag-NET-ik REZ-o-nans IM-a-jing)
MRI. A procedure in which radio waves and a powerful magnet linked to a computer are used to create detailed pictures of areas inside the body. These pictures can show the difference between normal and diseased tissue. MRI makes better images of organs and soft tissue than other scanning techniques, such as CT or x-ray. MRI is especially useful for imaging the brain, spine, the soft tissue of joints, and the inside of bones. Also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.
magnetic resonance perfusion imaging
A special type of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that uses an injected dye in order to see blood flow through tissues. Also called perfusion magnetic resonance imaging.
magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging
MRSI. A noninvasive imaging method that provides information about cellular activity (metabolic information). It is used along with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which provides information about the shape and size of the tumor (spacial information). Also called 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging.
magnetic-targeted carrier
A tiny bead made from particles of iron and carbon that can be attached to an anticancer drug. A magnet applied from outside the body then can direct the drug to the tumor site. This can keep a larger dose of the drug at the tumor site for a longer period of time, and help protect healthy tissue from the side effects of chemotherapy.
maidenhair tree (MAY-din-HAYR...)
A tree native to China. Substances taken from the leaves and seeds have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. Maidenhair tree has been studied in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease, dementia, certain blood vessel diseases, and memory loss. It may cause bleeding or high blood pressure when used with certain drugs. Also called ginkgo biloba and ginkgo.
mainstream medicine
A system in which medical doctors and other healthcare professionals (such as nurses, pharmacists, and therapists) treat symptoms and diseases using drugs, radiation, or surgery. Also called conventional medicine, Western medicine, orthodox medicine, biomedicine, and allopathic medicine.
maintenance therapy
Treatment that is given to help a primary (original) treatment keep working. Maintenance therapy is often given to help keep cancer in remission.
malabsorption syndrome
A group of symptoms such as gas, bloating, abdominal pain, and diarrhea resulting from the body's inability to properly absorb nutrients.
male breast cancer (male brest KAN-ser)
Cancer that forms in tissues of the breast in men. Most male breast cancer begins in cells lining the ducts. It is very rare and usually affects older men.
malignancy
A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body.
malignant (ma-LIG-nant)
Cancerous. Malignant tumors can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body.
malignant ascites
A condition in which fluid containing cancer cells collects in the abdomen.
malignant fibrous cytoma
A soft tissue sarcoma that usually occurs in the limbs, most commonly the legs, and may also occur in the abdomen. Also called malignant fibrous histiocytoma.
malignant fibrous histiocytoma
A soft tissue sarcoma that usually occurs in the limbs, most commonly the legs, and may also occur in the abdomen. Also called malignant fibrous cytoma.
malignant meningioma
A rare, quickly growing tumor that occurs in the membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord (meninges).
malignant mesothelioma
A rare type of cancer in which malignant cells are found in the sac lining the chest or abdomen. Exposure to airborne asbestos particles increases one's risk of developing malignant mesothelioma.
malignant mixed Mullerian tumor
MMMT. A rare type of tumor that is a mixture of carcinoma and sarcoma cells. MMMT usually occurs in the uterus.
malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor
MPNST. A type of soft tissue sarcoma that develops in cells that form a protective sheath (covering) around peripheral nerves, which are nerves that are outside of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).
malnutrition
A disorder caused by a lack of proper nutrition or an inability to absorb nutrients from food.
malondialdehyde
A byproduct of lipid (fat) metabolism in the body. It is also found in many foods and can be present in high amounts in rancid food.
MALT lymphoma
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. A type of cancer that arises in cells in mucosal tissue that are involved in antibody production.
mammary
Having to do with the breast.
mammary dysplasia (MA-muh-ree dis-PLAY-zhuh)
A common condition marked by benign (noncancerous) changes in breast tissue. These changes may include irregular lumps or cysts, breast discomfort, sensitive nipples, and itching. These symptoms may change throughout the menstrual cycle and usually stop after menopause. Also called benign breast disease, fibrocystic breast disease, and fibrocystic breast changes.
mammary gland
Glandular organ located on the chest. The mammary gland is made up of connective tissue, fat, and breast tissue that contains the glands that can make milk. Also called breast.
mammogram (MAM-o-gram)
An x-ray of the breast.
mammography (mam-OG-ra-fee)
The use of x-rays to create a picture of the breast.
Mammotome
A device that uses a computer-guided probe to perform breast biopsies. A Mammotome biopsy can be done on an outpatient basis with a local anesthetic, removes only a small amount of healthy tissue, and doesn't require sutures (stitches) because the incision is very small.
mantle cell lymphoma (MAN-tul sel lim-FOH-muh)
An aggressive (fast-growing) type of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that usually occurs in middle-aged or older adults. It is marked by small- to medium-size cancer cells that may be in the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, blood, and gastrointestinal system.
mantle field (MAN-tul)
The area of the neck, chest, and lymph nodes in the armpit that are exposed to radiation.
margin
The edge or border of the tissue removed in cancer surgery. The margin is described as negative or clean when the pathologist finds no cancer cells at the edge of the tissue, suggesting that all of the cancer has been removed. The margin is described as positive or involved when the pathologist finds cancer cells at the edge of the tissue, suggesting that all of the cancer has not been removed.
marijuana
A type of plant. Extracts of marijuana are being studied for their ability to control severe nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy and/or opioid drugs such as morphine.
marimastat
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. Marimastat is a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor.
marker
A diagnostic indication that disease may develop.
massage therapy (muh-SAZH THAYR-uh-pee)
A treatment in which the soft tissues of the body are kneaded, rubbed, tapped, and stroked. Massage therapy may help people relax, relieve stress and pain, lower blood pressure, and improve circulation. It is being studied in the treatment of cancer symptoms such as lack of energy, pain, swelling, and depression.
mast cell
A type of white blood cell.
mast cell tumor
A growth or lump of mast cells (a type of white blood cell). Mast cell tumors can involve the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and muscle tissue. Also called mastocytoma.
mastectomy (mas-TEK-toe-mee)
Surgery to remove the breast (or as much of the breast tissue as possible).
mastocytoma
A growth or lump of mast cells (a type of white blood cell). Mast cell tumors can involve the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and muscle tissue. Also called mast cell tumor.
maternal (muh-TUR-nul)
Having to do with or coming from the mother.
matrix metalloproteinase
A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis.
mature T-cell lymphoma
One of a group of aggressive (fast-growing) non-Hodgkin's lymphomas that begin in mature T lymphocytes (T cells that have matured in the thymus gland and gone to other lymphatic sites in the body, including lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen.) Also called peripheral T-cell lymphoma.
mature teratoma (muh-CHOOR TAYR-uh-TOH-muh)
A type of benign (noncancerous) germ cell tumor (type of tumor that begins in the cells that give rise to sperm or eggs) that often contains several different types of tissue such as hair, muscle, and bone. Also called a dermoid cyst.
matuzumab
A monoclonal antibody that is being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. Monoclonal antibodies are made in the laboratory and can locate and bind to cancer cells. Matuzumab binds to the epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) on tumor cells and blocks growth signals. Also called EMD 72000.
MDL 101,731
A drug that belongs to a family of drugs called ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors.
MDX-010
A monoclonal antibody that is being studied in the treatment of metastatic melanoma and prostate, breast, and kidney cancer. Monoclonal antibodies are made in the laboratory and can locate and bind to cancer cells. MDX-010 binds to the molecule CTLA-4 on T cells and may help the immune system kill cancer cells.
MDX-060
A monoclonal antibody that is being studied in the treatment of some lymphomas. Monoclonal antibodies are produced in the laboratory and can locate and bind to cancer cells.
mean
A statistics term. The average value in a set of measurements. The mean is the sum of a set of numbers divided by how many numbers are in the set.
mean survival time
The average time that patients in a clinical study remained alive. The time is measured beginning either at diagnosis or the start of treatment.
measurable disease
A tumor that can be accurately measured in size. This information can be used to judge response to treatment.
mechlorethamine
A drug used to treat some types of cancer and some precancerous skin conditions. It belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. Also called Mustargen.
MEDI-507
A monoclonal antibody that is being studied in the treatment of certain lymphoproliferative disorders and psoriasis. Also called siplizumab.
medial supraclavicular lymph node
A lymph node located above the collar bone and between the center of the body and a line drawn through the nipple to the shoulder.
median
A statistics term. The middle value in a set of measurements.
median survival time
The time from either diagnosis or treatment at which half of the patients with a given disease are found to be, or expected to be, still alive. In a clinical trial, median survival time is one way to measure how effective a treatment is.
mediastinal pleura
The thin membrane that lines the chest cavity in the area between the lungs.
mediastinoscopy (MEE-dee-as-tih-NOS-koh-pee)
A procedure in which a mediastinoscope is used to examine the organs in the area between the lungs and nearby lymph nodes. A mediastinoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease The mediastinoscope is inserted into the chest through an incision above the breastbone. This procedure is usually done to get a tissue sample from the lymph nodes on the right side of the chest.
mediastinum (mee-dee-a-STYE-num)
The area between the lungs. The organs in this area include the heart and its large blood vessels, the trachea, the esophagus, the bronchi, and lymph nodes.
medical castration
Refers to the use of drugs to suppress the function of the ovaries or testicles.
medical device (MEH-dih-kul dee-VICE)
An instrument, tool, machine, test kit, or implant that is used to prevent, diagnose, or treat disease or other conditions. Medical devices range from tongue depressors to heart pacemakers and medical imaging equipment.
medical nutrition therapy (MEH-dih-kul noo-TRIH-shun THAYR-uh-pee)
Treatment based on nutrition. It includes checking a person's nutrition status, and giving the right foods or nutrients to treat conditions such as those caused by diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. It may involve simple changes in a person's diet, or intravenous or tube feeding. Medical nutrition therapy may help patients recover more quickly and spend less time in the hospital. Also called nutrition therapy.
medical oncologist (MEH-dih-kul on-KOL-oh-jist)
A doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating cancer using chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and biological therapy. A medical oncologist often is the main health care provider for someone who has cancer. A medical oncologist also gives supportive care and may coordinate treatment given by other specialists.
medication (MEH-dih-KAY-shun)
A legal drug that is used to prevent, treat, or relieve symptoms of a disease or abnormal condition. Also called medicine.
medicine (MEH-dih-sin)
A legal drug that is used to prevent, treat, or relieve symptoms of a disease or abnormal condition. Also called medication.
medroxyprogesterone
A hormonal anticancer drug that is also used in cancer prevention. It belongs to the family of drugs called progestins.
medroxyprogesterone acetate
A drug used to prevent endometrial cancer. It is also used to treat menstrual disorders and as a form of birth control. It is a form of the female hormone progesterone and belongs to the family of drugs called progestins.
medullary breast carcinoma (MED-yoo-LAIR-ee...KAR-sih-NOH-muh)
A rare type of breast cancer that often can be treated successfully. It is marked by lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) in and around the tumor that can be seen when viewed under a microscope.
medullary thyroid cancer (MED-yoo-LAIR-ee)
Cancer that develops in C cells of the thyroid. The C cells make a hormone (calcitonin) that helps maintain a healthy level of calcium in the blood.
medulloblastoma (MED-yoo-lo-blas-TOE-ma)
A malignant brain tumor that begins in the lower part of the brain and that can spread to the spine or to other parts of the body. Medulloblastomas are a type of primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET).
mega-voltage linear accelerator
MeV linear accelerator. A machine that uses electricity to form a stream of fast-moving subatomic particles. This creates high-energy radiation that may be used to treat cancer. Also called linear accelerator and linac.
Megace
A drug used to block estrogen and suppress the effects of estrogen and androgens. It is used to treat breast and endometrial cancer, and is being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. It is also used to improve appetite in patients with cancer. Megace belongs to the group of hormones called progestins. Also called megestrol.
megestrol
A drug used to block estrogen and suppress the effects of estrogen and androgens. It is used to treat breast and endometrial cancer, and is being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. It is also used to improve appetite in patients with cancer. Megestrol belongs to the group of hormones called progestins. Also called Megace.
meiosis
A special form of cell division in which each daughter cell receives half the amount of DNA as the parent cell. Meiosis occurs during formation of egg and sperm cells in mammals.
melanin (MEL-a-nin)
The substance that gives color to skin and eyes.
melanocyte (mel-AN-o-site)
A cell in the skin and eyes that produces and contains the pigment called melanin.
melanoma (MEH-luh-NOH-muh)
A form of skin cancer that begins in melanocytes (the cells that make the pigment melanin). Melanoma usually begins in a mole.
melanoma vaccine
A cancer vaccine prepared from human melanoma cancer cells. It can be used alone or with other therapy in treating melanoma.
melatonin (MEH-luh-TOH-nun)
A hormone made by the pineal gland (tiny organ near the center of the brain). Melatonin helps control the body's sleep cycle, and is an antioxidant. It is also made in the laboratory and sold as a supplement.
melphalan
A drug that is used to treat multiple myeloma and ovarian epithelial cancer and is being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. Also called Alkeran.
membrane
A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface.
MEN-10755
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics.
MEN1 syndrome
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 syndrome. A rare, inherited disorder that affects the endocrine glands and can cause tumors in the parathyroid and pituitary glands and the pancreas. These tumors (usually benign) cause the glands to secrete high levels of hormones, which can lead to other medical problems, such as kidney stones, fertility problems, and severe ulcers. In some cases, tumors inside the pancreas can become cancerous. Also called multiple endocrine adenomatosis and Wermer's syndrome.
meningeal
Refers to the meninges, the tissue covering the brain and spinal cord.
meningeal metastases
Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the tissue covering the brain, spinal cord, or both.
meninges (meh-NIN-jeez)
The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord.
meningioma (meh-nin-jee-O-ma)
A type of tumor that occurs in the meninges, the membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. Meningiomas usually grow slowly.
menopausal hormone therapy
Hormones (estrogen, progesterone, or both) given to women after menopause to replace the hormones no longer produced by the ovaries. Also called hormone replacement therapy or HRT.
menopause (MEN-uh-pawz)
The time of life when a woman's menstrual periods stop. A woman is in menopause when she hasn't had a period for 12 months in a row. Also called "change of life."
menorrhagia
Abnormally heavy menstrual bleeding.
menstrual cycle (MEN-stroo-al)
The monthly cycle of hormonal changes from the beginning of one menstrual period to the beginning of the next.
menstrual period (MEN-stroo-al PEER-ee-od)
The periodic discharge of blood and tissue from the uterus. From puberty until menopause, menstruation occurs about every 28 days, but does not occur during pregnancy.
menstruation (MEN-stroo-AY-shun)
Periodic discharge of blood and tissue from the uterus. From puberty until menopause, menstruation occurs about every 28 days when a woman is not pregnant.
mental health
A person's overall psychological and emotional condition. Good mental health is a state of well-being in which a person is able to cope with everyday events, think clearly, be responsible, meet challenges, and have good relationships with others.
mental health counselor
A specialist who can talk with patients and their families about emotional and personal matters, and can help them make decisions.
mercaptopurine
A drug used to treat acute lymphatic leukemia. It belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. Also called Purinethol.
mercury
A silver-white, poisonous metal that is a liquid at ordinary temperatures. It is commonly used in thermometers and amalgams, and has been used as an ingredient in some homeopathic medicines and in very small amounts as a preservative in viral vaccines.
mercy killing
An easy or painless death, or the intentional ending of the life of a person suffering from an incurable or painful disease at his or her request. Also called euthanasia.
meridian (meh-RID-ee-un)
In traditional Chinese medicine, one of 20 channels that form a network through which qi (the body's vital energy) flows and that connect the body's acupuncture sites.
Merkel cell cancer
A rare type of cancer that forms on or just beneath the skin. Merkel cell cancer is divided into three types called trabecular, intermediate, and small cell.
mesenchymal
Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue.
mesenteric membrane
The peritoneal membrane that attaches the intestines to the abdominal wall near the back.
mesna
A drug that helps protect the kidneys and bladder from the toxic effects of anticancer drugs such as ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide.
mesonephroma
A rare type of tumor, usually of the female genital tract, in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. Also called clear cell carcinoma and clear cell adenocarcinoma.
mesothelioma
A benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous) tumor affecting the lining of the chest or abdomen. Exposure to asbestos particles in the air increases the risk of developing malignant mesothelioma.
metabolic
Having to do with metabolism (the total of all chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism to produce energy and basic materials needed for important life processes).
metabolic acidosis (met-ah-BOL-ik as-id-O-sis)
A condition in which the blood is too acidic. It may be caused by severe illness or sepsis (bacteria in the bloodstream).
metabolic disorder
A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme.
metabolic therapy
Treatment to correct changes in metabolism that can be caused by disease.
metabolic type (MEH-tuh-BAH-lik tipe)
In alternative medicine, a theory that people fall into one of three groups (protein, carb, or mixed type) based on the main type of food that their bodies need to stay healthy.
metabolism
The total of all chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism. These changes produce energy and basic materials needed for important life processes.
metabolite (meh-TA-boh-lite)
Any substance involved in metabolism (the chemical changes that take place in a cell or organism to make the energy and basic materials important in life processes). Metabolite is often used to describe the products left after a drug is used by the body.
metallic (meh-TA-lik)
Having to do with metal. Some cancer treatments may change the sense of taste and cause foods to have a metallic taste.
metaplasia
A change of cells to a form that does not normally occur in the tissue in which it is found.
metaplastic carcinoma
A general term used to describe cancer that begins in cells that have changed into another cell type (for example, a squamous cell of the esophagus changing to resemble a cell of the stomach). In some cases, metaplastic changes alone may mean there is an increased chance of cancer developing at the site.
metastasectomy (meh-TAS-ta-SEC-tuh-mee)
Surgery to remove one or more metastases (tumors formed from cells that have spread from the primary tumor). When all metastases are removed, it is called a complete metastasectomy.
metastasis (meh-TAS-ta-sis)
The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. A tumor formed by cells that have spread is called a "metastatic tumor" or a "metastasis." The metastatic tumor contains cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural form of metastasis is metastases (meh-TAS-ta-seez).
metastasize (meh-TAS-ta-size)
To spread from one part of the body to another. When cancer cells metastasize and form secondary tumors, the cells in the metastatic tumor are like those in the original (primary) tumor.
metastatic (MET-uh-STAT-ik)
Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another.
metastatic cancer
Cancer that has spread from the place in which it started to other parts of the body.
metasynchronous
Occurring at nearly the same time.
meteorism
Swelling of the abdomen caused by gas in the intestines or peritoneal cavity. Also called tympanites.
methodology (MEH-thuh-DAH-loh-jee)
In medicine, the rules and procedures for doing research and evaluating results.
methotrexate
A drug used to treat some types of cancers, including breast, head and neck, lung, blood, and bone, and other disorders. It belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. Also called amethopterin.
methoxsalen (meh-THOX-uh-len)
A drug used together with UV light to treat psoriasis, vitiligo, and skin nodules of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. It is also being studied in the treatment of graft-versus-host disease. It belongs to the family of drugs called psoralens and furocoumarins.
methoxypolyethylene glycol epoetin beta
A substance that is being studied in the treatment of anemia in patients who are receiving chemotherapy. It is a form of erythropoietin (a substance produced in the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells) that has been changed in the laboratory. Also called Ro 50-3821.
methyl-5-aminolevulinate
A drug used in photodynamic therapy; it is absorbed by tumor cells and, when exposed to light, becomes active and kills the cancer cells.
methylphenidate
A drug that is a central nervous system stimulant.
methylprednisolone
A corticosteroid hormone replacement.
metoclopramide (met-oh-KLOH-pra-mide)
A drug that increases the motility (movements and contractions) of the stomach and upper intestine. It is used to treat certain stomach problems and nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. It belongs to the families of drugs called antiemetics and motility agents. Also called Reglan.
metronidazole
A drug that is used to treat infection and is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the families of drugs called antibacterials, antiprotozoals, and anthelmintics. Also called Flagyl.
metronomic therapy
Continuous or frequent treatment with low doses of anticancer drugs, often given with other methods of therapy.
Mexican valerian
Valeriana officinalis. A plant whose roots are used as a sedative and to treat certain medical conditions. It is being studied as a way to improve sleep in cancer patients undergoing treatment. Also called valerian, garden valerian, Indian valerian, Pacific valerian, garden heliotrope, and Valerianae radix.
MG98
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antisense compounds. These drugs interfere with production of certain proteins in the cell.
MGUS
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. A benign condition in which there is a high level of a protein called M protein in the blood. Patients with MGUS are at an increased risk of developing cancer.
microcalcification (MY-krow-kal-si-fi-KAY-shun)
A tiny deposit of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present.
microgram
One millionth of a gram.
micrometastases
Small numbers of cancer cells that have spread from the primary tumor to other parts of the body and are too few to be picked up in a screening or diagnostic test.
micromolar (MY-kroh-MOH-lur)
A concentration of 1/1,000,000 (one millionth) molecular weight per liter (mol/L).
micronutrient (MY-kroh-NOO-tree-ent)
A substance the body needs in tiny amounts to grow and stay healthy. Examples are vitamins and minerals.
microorganism
An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms.
microsatellite
A short sequence of DNA, usually 1 to 4 basepairs (a unit of DNA), that is repeated together in a row along the DNA molecule. There is variation from person to person in the number of repeats. There are hundreds of places in human DNA that contain microsatellites.
microsatellite instability
MSI. A change that occurs in the DNA of certain cells (such as tumor cells) in which the number of repeats of microsatellites (short, repeated sequences of DNA) is different than the number of repeats that was in the DNA when it was inherited. The cause of MSI may be a defect in the ability to repair mistakes made when DNA is copied in the cell.
microscopic
Too small to be seen without a microscope.
microstaging
A technique used to help determine the stage (extent) of melanoma and certain squamous cell cancers. A sample of skin that contains tumor tissue is examined under a microscope to find out how thick the tumor is and/or how deeply the tumor has grown into the skin or connective tissues.
microwave acupuncture (MY-kroh-WAYV AK-yoo-PUNK-cher)
A type of acupuncture in which a microwave device is attached to an acupuncture needle to give microwave radiation at an acupuncture point.
microwave therapy
A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. Also called microwave thermotherapy.
microwave thermotherapy
A type of treatment in which body tissue is exposed to high temperatures to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. Also called microwave therapy.
mifepristone
An anticancer drug that blocks the action of progesterone, a hormone that affects the growth of some cancers.
milk thistle
A plant that has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems, including stomach, liver, and gallbladder disorders. The active extract of milk thistle seeds is called silymarin. It is being studied in the prevention of liver damage caused by some cancer treatments. Also called Silybum marianum.
milligram
A measure of weight. A milligram is approximately 450,000 times smaller than a pound and 28,000 times smaller than an ounce.
milliliter
A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950 times smaller than a quart and 30 times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same.
millimeter
A measure of length in the metric system. A millimeter is one thousandth of a meter. There are 25 millimeters in an inch.
mind/body exercise (mind BAH-dee EK-ser-SIZE)
A form of exercise that combines body movement with mental focus and controlled breathing to improve strength, balance, flexibility, and overall health. Examples of mind/body exercises are yoga, tai chi, and qigong.
mindfulness relaxation
A type of meditation based on the concept of being "mindful," or having increased awareness, of the present. It uses breathing methods, guided imagery, and other practices to relax the body and mind and help reduce stress.
mineral
A nutrient required to maintain health.
Miraluma test
A type of breast imaging test that is used to detect cancer cells in the breasts of some women who have had abnormal mammograms, or who have dense breast tissue. The Miraluma test is not used for screening, or in place of a mammogram. In this test, a woman receives an injection of a small amount of a radioactive substance called technetium 99, which is taken up by cancer cells, and a gamma camera is used to take pictures of the breasts. Also called scintimammography and sestamibi breast imaging.
mirtazapine (mir-TAZ-a-peen)
A drug used to treat depression. It belongs to the family of drugs called antidepressant agents. Also called Remeron.
misoprostol
A radioprotective agent that belongs to the family of drugs called prostaglandins.
mistletoe
A semiparasitic plant that grows on some types of trees. Mistletoe extracts are being studied as treatments for cancer.
mistletoe lectin
A substance that comes from the mistletoe plant and that is being studied as a treatment for cancer. A lectin is a complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants.
Mithracin (MITH-ruh-sin)
A drug used to treat some types of testicular cancer, hypercalcemia (abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood), and hypercalciuria (abnormally high levels of calcium in the urine). It belongs to the families of drugs called antineoplastics and antibiotics. Also called plicamycin.
mitigate
To make milder or less painful.
mitochondria
Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also called cell respiration) takes place.
mitolactol
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents.
mitomycin
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics.
mitosis
The process of division of somatic cells in which each daughter cell receives the same amount of DNA as the parent cell.
mitotane
An anticancer drug used in treating adrenocortical cancer and ACTH-producing pituitary tumors (Cushing's disease).
mitotic activity
Having to do with the presence of dividing (proliferating) cells. Cancerous tissue generally has more mitotic activity than normal tissues.
mitotic index
In a population of cells, the ratio of the number of cells undergoing mitosis (cell division) to the number of cells not undergoing mitosis.
mitotic inhibitor
A drug that inhibits cell growth by stopping cell division. Mitotic inhibitors are used as treatments for cancer. Also called antimitotic or antimicrotubule agents and taxanes. Docetaxel and paclitaxel are mitotic inhibitors.
mitoxantrone
A drug used to treat advanced prostate cancer that does not respond to hormones, adult acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, and advanced or chronic multiple sclerosis. It is also being studied in the treatment of other cancers. It belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics. Also called Novantrone.
mivobulin isethionate
An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors. Also called CI-980.
mixed glioma
A brain tumor that occurs in more than one type of brain cell, including astrocytes, ependymal cells, and oligodendrocytes.
MLN2704
A substance that is being studied as a treatment for prostate cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called antibody conjugates.
modafinil
A drug that is being studied as a treatment for fatigue in patients with cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called stimulants.
modality
A method of treatment. For example, surgery and chemotherapy are treatment modalities.
modified radical mastectomy (mas-TEK-toe-mee)
Surgery for breast cancer in which the breast, most or all of the lymph nodes under the arm, and the lining over the chest muscles are removed. Sometimes the surgeon also removes part of the chest wall muscles.
modulate
To adjust, or change.
Mohs micrographic surgery
A surgical procedure used to treat skin cancer. Individual layers of cancerous tissue are removed and examined under a microscope one at a time until all cancerous tissue has been removed. Also called Mohs surgery.
Mohs surgery (MOZE SER-juh-ree)
A surgical procedure used to treat skin cancer. Individual layers of cancerous tissue are removed and examined under a microscope one at a time until all cancerous tissue has been removed. Also called Mohs micrographic surgery.
molar pregnancy
A condition in women of childbearing age in which grape-like cysts grow in the uterus after conception (fertilization of an egg by a sperm). Molar pregnancies may change into a type of cancer called choriocarcinoma or gestational trophoblastic tumor. Also called hydatidiform mole.
mold
A form of fungus. Some molds can cause disease in humans.
mole (mohl)
In medicine, a benign growth on the skin that is formed by a cluster of melanocytes (cells that make the pigment melanin). Moles are usually dark, and may be raised from the skin.
molecular mass
The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule, based on a scale in which the atomic masses of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are 1, 12, 14, and 16, respectively. For example, the molecular mass of water, which has two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen, is 18 (i.e., 2 + 16).
molecular risk assessment
A procedure in which biomarkers (for example, biological molecules or changes in tumor cell DNA) are used to estimate a person's risk for developing cancer. Specific biomarkers may be linked to particular types of cancer.
molecularly targeted therapy
In cancer treatment, substances that kill cancer cells by targeting key molecules involved in cancer cell growth.
molecule
The smallest particle of a substance that has all of the physical and chemical properties of that substance. Molecules are made up of one or more atoms. If they contain more than one atom, the atoms can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms.
monoclonal antibody (MAH-no-KLO-nul AN-tih-BAH-dee)
A laboratory-produced substance that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor.
monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
MGUS. A benign condition in which there is a high level of a protein called M protein in the blood. Patients with MGUS are at an increased risk of developing cancer.
monoclonal protein
An antibody or part of an antibody found in unusually large amounts in the blood or urine of people with multiple myeloma and other types of plasma cell tumors. Also called M protein.
monocyte
A type of white blood cell.
Montanide ISA-51
A drug used in vaccine